Tao-Klarjeti

Tao-Klarjeti (Georgian: ტაო–კლარჯეთი) is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian principalities, now forming part of north-eastern Turkey and divided among the provinces of Erzurum, Artvin, Ardahan and Kars. Tao and Klarjeti were originally only the names of the two most important provinces of the Georgian lands that stretched from the “Georgian Gorge” (Turk. Gürcü Boğazı) in the south to the Lesser Caucasus in the north.

Historically, the area comprised the following provinces: West of the Arsiani Mountains (Turk. Yalnızçam Dağları) were Tao, Klarjeti and Shavsheti, to the east lay Samtskhe, Erusheti, Javakheti, Artaani and Kola. The landscape is characterised by mountains and the river-systems of the Chorokhi (Turk. Çoruh) and the Mtkvari (Turk. Kura). Tao-Klarjeti’s geographical position between the great Empires of the East and the West, and the fact that one branch of the Silk Road ran through its territory, meant that it was subject to a constant stream of diverging influences. In the 9th-11th centuries, Tao-Klarjeti was ruled by the Iberian Bagratids, and the region played a crucial role in the unification of the Georgian principalities into a single feudal state in 1008. Alongside the magnificent nature, the architectural monuments of Tao-Klarjeti (churches, monasteries, bridges and castles) function as tourist attractions today, but many monuments are endangered, since nothing is done for their preservation. There have also been cases of deliberate destruction (for instance in Opiza and Tbeti).

History

Early history

The history of the region goes back to 3000 BC, i.e. the Bronze Age. In the 1st millennium BC, the area, inhabited by various proto-Georgian tribes, was controlled by the kingdoms of Diaokhi and Colchis. Pharnavaz I, the first ruler of the ancient Georgian state of Iberia (Kartli) included these lands into his kingdom in ca 302 BC. Contested between Iberia and Armenia throughout the following centuries, the region was invaded and completely destroyed by the Arabs in the 7th century.

Tao-Klarjeti in the 9th-11th centuries

The new era began in Tao-Klarjeti in 813, when the Georgian prince (erismtavari) Ashot I of the Bagrationi family made Klarjeti a base in his struggle against the Arab occupation. Recognizing the Byzantine suzerainty, he received a title of "κουροπαλάτης" and established the Principality of the Georgians known to the Byzantines as the "Kouropalatate" of Iberia. Ashot fought the Arabs from there, gradually liberating the surrounding lands of Tao, Kola, Artaani and Shavsheti, along with a few other lesser lands, from the Arab dominance. He encouraged resettlement of Georgians in these lands, and patronized monastic life initiated by the prominent Georgian ecclesiastic figure Grigol Khandzteli (Gregory of Khandzta; 759-861) in Klarjeti. For a long time the region became a cultural safe-house and one of the most important religious centers of Georgia.

Ashot’s successors continued fighting for the Kartlian lands, contested also by the Abkhazian dynasty of western Georgia (Egrisi), the Arab emirs of Tbilisi and even by Kakhetian (kingdom in eastern Georgia) and Armenian rulers. However, internal feuds, not infrequent in the principality, were an important obstacle. A civil war following the assassination of David I (876-881) brought the victory of Adarnase I (881-923) over his major rival, Nasra, David’s murderer, allowing him to be crowned as King of the Georgians in 888. During the reign of Adarnase’s son David II (923-937) the Georgians had also to defend against the Byzantine aggression, a problem they seem to have successfully managed. However, the Bagrationi dynasty failed to maintain the integrity of their kingdom which was actually divided between the three branches of the family with the main branch retaining Tao and the title of King of the Kartvelians, and another controlling Klarjeti and nominally recognizing the sovereignty of the king. The Kingdom of the Kartvelians included also several other minor princedoms more or less dependent to the Tao crown. In 958, Bagrat II Regueni, "the Simple" (958-994) was crowned King of the Georgians and inherited Northern Tao (also known as Amier-Tao), while David III (961-1001) received a title of Kuropalates and got Southern Tao (also known as Imier-Tao) in possession. A just ruler and a friend of the church, David allied with the Byzantine Emperor Basil II to defeat the rebel Byzantine noble Bardas Scleros (976–979) and was rewarded with extensive lands that made him the most powerful ruler in the south Caucasus: his state included several Georgian and Armenian provinces up to the Lake Van. With the strong intention to unite all Georgian lands, he adopted Prince Bagrat (the future king Bagrat III), a grandchild of Bagrat Regueni, also being an Abkhazian heir apparent. David installed him as a residing prince in Kartli (975) and as king of Abkhazia (978), and helped Bagrat’s natural father Gurgen to be crowned as King of Kings of the Kartvelians on the death of Bagrat the Simple (994), thus making Bagrat a ruler of the two and a heir apparent of another two Georgian states. The only setback was the 987-989 unsuccessful conflict with the Byzantine Empire that forced David to agree to cede his dominion to Emperor Basil II on his death. Despite this reverse, Bagrat was able to become the first ruler of the unified Georgian kingdom (officially called the Kingdom of the Georgians and Abkhazians) on his father’s death in 1008.

Later history

The area continued to remain a Georgian territory and was administered by the princes of Samtskhe-Saatabago until conquered by the Ottomans in 1551. During their rule, a policy of Islamicization was implemented and many of the Christian churches were converted into mosques. Following the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, most of the former Tao-Klarjetian territory was ceded to the Russian Empire, but it was taken back by the Turks in the Brest-Litovsk Treaty with the Russian SFSR in 1918. The Ottoman defeat in World War I allowed the newly created Democratic Republic of Georgia to regain control of the region. Olti district, which was heavily contested between Georgians and Armenians had stayed under Turkish control. However, the nation’s independence soon collapsed under the Soviet Red Army attack in February 1921 and simultaneously the area was reoccupied by Turkey, a fact that was acknowledged by the Treaty of Moscow signed between the Turkish and Soviet governments on 16 March 1921.

Architecture

Several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture – abandoned or converted churches, monasteries, bridges and castles – are scattered across the area. Best known are the Khakhuli Monastery (Turk. Haho/Bağbaşi), the churches of Oshki (Turk. Öşk Vank/Çamlıyamaç), Ishkhani (Turk. Işhan), Bana (Turk. Penek), Parkhali (Turk. Barhal/Altıparmak), Doliskana (Turk. Dolişhane/ Hamamlıköy), Otkhta Eklesia (Turk. Dörtkilise), Opiza (Turk. Bağcılar), and Tbeti (Turk. Cevizli).

Bagratid Rulers of Tao-Klarjeti

Kartli-line of the Iberian Bagratids

* Ashot I Kuropalates (end of the 8th cent. / 813-830)

* Bagrat I Kuropalates (830-876), co-rulers: Adarnase (830-c.870) and Guaram Mampali (d. 882)

* David I Kuropalates (876-881)

* Adarnase I Kuropalates (881-923), King of the Georgians (888-923)

* David II Magistros (923-937)

* Ashot II Kuropalates (937-954)

* Sumbat I Kuropalates (954-958)

* Bagrat II Regueni, "the Simple" (958-994)

* Gurgen, King of Kings (994-1008)

* Bagrat III, King of Apkhazeti (Abkhazia) since 978, King of united Georgia (1008-1014)

Tao-line of the Iberian Bagratids

* Gurgen I Mampali (c. 870-891)

* Adarnase, Eristavt Eristavi (891-896)

* Ashot Kukhi, Eristavt Eristavi (896/908-918)

* Gurgen II the Great (918-941)

Second House of Tao

* Bagrat Magistros (d. 945)

* Adarnase II Kuropalates (945-961)

* Bagrat, Eristavt Eristavi (961-966)

* David III Kuropalates (966-1000)

Klarjeti-line of the Iberian Bagratids

* Sumbat I Mampali, the Great (c. 870-889)

* Bagrat Mampali (889-900)

* David Mampali (889-943)

* Sumbat II (943-988)

* David (988-992 / 993)

* Sumbat III (992 / 993-1011)

* Gurgen (d. 1012)

Sources

*Stephen of Taron: Histoire Universelle par Étienne Asolik de Taron, transl. F. Macler, 2e partie, livre III (888-1004), Paris 1917
*Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio, ed. G. Moravcsik and R.J.H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks 1967
*Aristakes Lastivert: Récit des malheurs de la nation arménienne, transl. M. Canard and H. Berberian, Brussels 1973
*John Scylitzes: Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, ed. I. Thurn, Berlin – New York 1973
*Elishe: History of Vardan and the Armenian War, transl. R.W. Thomson, Cambridge, Mass. 1982
*The Life of Kartli: Das Leben Kartlis. Eine Chronik aus Georgien. 300-1200, ed. G. Pätsch, Leipzig 1985
*Life of John and Euthymius: B. Martin-Hisard, “La Vie de Jean et Euthyme: le statut du monastère des Ibères sur l'Athos”, Revue des Études Byzantines 49 (1991), 67-142
*Yahyā ibn Sa‘īd al-Antākī: “Histoire de Yahya-Ibn-Sa‘ïd d’Antioche”, ed. and transl. I. Kratchkovsky and A. Vasiliev, Patrologia Orientalis 18 (1924), 700-833
**“Histoire de Yahya-Ibn-Sa‘ïd d’Antioche”, ed. and transl. I. Kratchkovsky and A. Vasiliev, Patrologia Orientalis 23 (1932), 347-520
**“Histoire de Yahyā ibn Sa‘īd d’Antioche”, ed. I. Kratchkovsky, transl. F. Micheau and G. Troupeau, Patrologia Orientalis 47 (1997), 373-559
*Giorgi Merchule: Georgi Mertschule. Das Leben des Grigol von Chandsta, transl. S. Sardshweladse and H. Fähnrich, Jena 2000
*Yovhannes Drasxanakertci: Histoire d'Arménie, transl. P. Boisson-Chenorhokian, Leuven 2004
*Bruno Baumgartner, Studien zur historischen Geographie von Tao-Klarjeti, PhD-Dissertation, 2 Volumes, Vienna 1996 ("Studies on the historical Geography of Tao-Klarjeti", in German)

ee also

* History of Georgia

* Caucasian Iberia

* History of Armenia

* Kartli

* Mamikonian

* Tayk

* Theme of Iberia

External links

* [http://virtualtao-klarjeti.com/map.aspx?id=95 Virtual Museum of Tao-Klarjeti]
* [http://www.yusufeli.gov.tr/tarihiyerler_e.html Historic monuments around Yusufeli]

* [http://album.artvin.gov.tr/index.php?cat=3 Photos from Artvin İl]

* [http://www.mis.boun.edu.tr/egeli/bstin/bstin_tr.htm Black Sea region, Turkey]

* [http://www.istoria.ge/tao-klarjeti.htm Rulers of Tao-Klarjeti (in Georgian)]

* [http://www.orthodoxy.ge/eklesiebi/tao/tao.php Monasteries and churches in Tao-Klarjeti]

* [http://www.taoklarjeti.blogspot.com/ Art and architecture in Tao-Klarjeti]