Ottoman–Saudi War

Ottoman–Saudi War
Date Early 1811 – 1818 Location Arabian Peninsula Result Complete Ottoman victory, end of the First Saudi State.
Belligerents
First Saudi State	Egypt Eyalet
Commanders and leaders
Saud Al-Kabeer Abdullah I  †	Tusun Pasha Muhammad Ali Pasha Ibrahim Pasha
Strength
20,000	50,000
Casualties and losses
11,000 dead 3,000 wounded	2,000 dead 1,000 wounded 50 captured

The Ottoman–Saudi War, also known as the Egyptian–Wahhabi War, was fought in 1811–1818 between Egypt under the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (nominally under Ottoman rule) and the army of the First Saudi State.

The Wahhabi movement was part of a fundamentalist/revisionist movement within Islam that would lead to the first Saudi State, and its crushing by the Ottoman empire’s Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pasha.

Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab and the amir Muhammad ibn Sa’ud launched their campaign to reform Islam in Arabia from their power-base in Diriyah. By 1805, the Wahhabis controlled Mecca and Medina, had attacked Karbala and the Imam Husayn Shrine.^[1] The Wahhabis also attacked Ottoman trade caravans which interrupted the Ottoman finances.^[2] The Saudi amir denounced the Ottoman sultan and called into question the validity of his claim to be caliph and guardian of the sanctuaries of the Hejaz^[3] and when the Ottoman empire ordered the upstart Muhammad ‘Ali, viceroy of Egypt, to fight the Wahhabis. The Ottoman empire was suspicious of Muhammed Ali’s ambition, and thought that by ordering Ali against the Wahhabis, the defeat of either would be beneficial.^[2]

Muhammad ‘Ali was ordered to crush the state as early as December 1807 by Sultan Mustafa IV, however internal strife within Egypt prevented him from giving full attention to the Wahhabis. The Egyptians were not able to recapture the holy cities until 1811.^[3]

However, it would take until September 1818 that the Wahhabi state would end with the surrendering of the leaders. Ibrahim Pasha, Muhammad ‘Ali’s son, had taken over the campaign in 1817. Gaining the support of the volatile Arabian tribes by skillful diplomacy and lavish gifts, he advanced into central Arabia to occupy the towns of Unaizah and Buraidah. Joined now by most of the principal tribes, he appeared before the Saudi capital Diriyah in April 1818. With their march to Diriyah plagued by Wahhabi attacks, they arrived in Diriyah in April 1818. It took until September for the Wahhabis to surrender, in part due to Ibrahim’s poorly trained army. Diriyah was destroyed on June 1819, and Egyptian garrisons were posted in the principal towns. The head of the Wahhabi state, Amir ‘Abd Allah, was sent to Constantinople to be executed.^[3]

Amir ‘Abd Allah, as head of the Wahhabi state, was sent for execution to Istanbul, although most of the political leaders were treated well. The empire was far more harsh with the religious leaders that inspired the Wahhabi movement. The execution of Sulayman ibn ‘Abd Allah and other religious notables reflects the resentment of these extremist views. Religious leaders were thought to be uncompromising in their beliefs and therefore a much bigger threat than political leaders.^[3]

See also

• Nejd Expedition
• Siege of Diriyah
• Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors
• History of Saudi Arabia
• History of the Ottoman Empire

Sources

1. ^ The History of Saudi Arabia by Wayne H Bowen
2. ^ ^{a b} Marsot, Afaf Lutfi Al-Sayyid. A History of Egypt From the Arab Conquest to the Present. New York: Cambridge UP, 2007.
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Elizabeth Sirriyeh, Wahhabis, "Unbelievers and the Problems of Exclusivism." Bulletin (British Society for Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2. (1989), pp. 123-132. (Text online at JSTOR)