Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española

The Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española or DRAE is the most authoritative dictionary of the Spanish language. It is produced, edited, and published by the Real Academia Española (RAE – Royal Spanish Academy); the first edition was published in 1780. The most current, twenty-second edition was published in 2001; an advance version of the 23rd edition has been available for online consultation since April 2005.

The Twenty-Second Edition of the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy.

Origin and development

When the RAE was founded in 1713, one of its primary objectives was compiling a Castilian Spanish dictionary. Its first endeavor was the six-volume Diccionario de Autoridades (Dictionary of Authorities) from 1726 to 1739. Based on that work, the DRAE itself was compiled as an abridged version, and published in 1780. The full title of that first edition was the Diccionario de la lengua castellana compuesto por la Real Academia Española, reducido á un tomo para su más fácil uso ("Dictionary of the Castilian language composed by the Royal Spanish Academy, reduced to one volume for easier use"). Per the prologue, the DRAE was published for general public access to a dictionary during the long time between the publishing of the first and second editions of the exhaustive Authorities Dictionary, thus offering a cheaper reference book; by when the second DRAE edition was published, it had become the principal dictionary, superseding its ancestor; the last edition of the Diccionario de Autoridades was published in 1793.

Historically, the decision to add, modify, or delete words from the dictionary has been by the RAE, in consultation with other language authorities (especially in Latin America) when there was an uncertainty. This process continued between 1780 and 1992, but, since the 1992 edition, the RAE and the twenty-one discrete language academies of Latin America collaborate in producing the 'Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy'.

Editions of the DRAE (year, edition): 1780 (1ª) – 1783 (2ª) – 1791 (3ª) – 1803 (4ª) – 1817 (5ª) – 1822 (6ª) – 1832 (7ª)– 1837 (8ª)– 1843 (9ª) – 1852 (10ª) – 1869 (11ª) – 1884 (12ª) – 1899 (13ª) – 1914 (14ª) – 1925 (15ª) – 1936/1939 (16ª) – 1947 (17ª) – 1956 (18ª) – 1970 (19ª) – 1984 (20ª) – 1992 (21ª) – 2001 (22ª).

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  Title page of the 1780 edition

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  First page of the Prologue to the 1780 edition

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  Second page of the Prologue to the 1780 edition

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  List of Academicians, as printed in the 1780 edition

Formats

Until the twenty-first edition, the DRAE was published exclusively on paper. The 2001 edition was offered on CD-ROM and paper. The twenty-second edition was published in three formats, paper, CD-ROM, and on the Internet with free access. The current, online version is hybrid of the most recent print edition, the twenty-second, and the future, twenty-third edition, incorporating modified definitions that will eventually constitute the twenty-third edition.

Interesting facts

The fourth DRAE edition (1803) introduced and incorporated the digraphs ch (che) and ll (elle) to the Castilian alphabet as separate, discrete letters in alphabetic organization. That incorporation was overturned in 1994 (at the tenth meeting of the Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española) where they were re-ordered in concordance with the Latin alphabet. Also in 1803, the letter "X" was replaced with "J" when its pronunciation was identical to that of the guttural "J", and the circumflex accent (^) was eliminated.

The earliest editions were more extensive: they included Latin translations of the entry, in some cases gave usage examples (especially in popular phrases), and summarized the word's etymology; contemporary editions do so concisely. The earliest editions had "X" entries that no longer appear individually.

Titles throughout history

• Diccionario de la lengua castellana compuesto por la Real Academia Española, title of the first (1780) through fourth (1803) editions.
  • Dictionary of the Castilian language composed by the Spanish Royal Academy
• Diccionario de la lengua castellana por la Real Academia Española, title of the fifth (1817) though fourteenth (1914) editions.
  • Dictionary of the Castilian language by the Spanish Royal Academy
• Diccionario de la lengua española, fifteenth edition (1925) onward.
  • Dictionary of the Spanish language

Criticism

Inaccuracy

Some entries in the dictionary do not reflect current scientific understanding. A clear example is its definition of dinosaurio ("dinosaur"),^[1] which refers only to sauropodomorphs.

Racism and homophobia accusations

In 2006, The Spanish Federation of Jewish Communities complained that some of the dictionary's entries and definitions about Judaism were racist and offensive.^[2] One definition of sinagoga (synagogue) is: "a meeting for illicit ends"; the nominal definition of 'sinagogue' is given first, and the pejorative definition is so identified.

Yerba-buena, an association of Spanish Gitanos ("Gypsies" in English), complains that one definition of Gitano: "one who practices deceit" or "one who tricks", is offensive and could encourage racism; nevertheless, the word gitano does actually mean "trickster" in Spanish, and other Spanish dictionaries include this definition.

The Madrid Gay, Lesbian Transsexual Collective has complained of offense by the definition of Marica:

1. f. urraca (English: "magpie")
2. [. . .]
3. m. colloquial. effeminate, weak man.

Eulàlia Lledó believes that ajamonarse: "to become like a ham, become pregnant" is inherently sexist. Galicians take offense to the definition of Gallego: "a Galician, dumb, stupid or deaf." Some of these groups propose deletion of these pejorative definitions, while others feel that the entries should be flagged as offensive. This latter approach is similar to the policy of many English dictionaries; for example, the American Heritage Dictionary includes the word nigger, labelling it "offensive slang" and a "disparaging term."^[3]

The RAE dismissed the complaints as political correctness, saying "we simply photograph the landscape; we do not create it".^[4]

See also

• Descriptive linguistics
• Linguistic prescription

References

1. ^ http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=dinosaurio
2. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2246066,00.html
3. ^ http://www.bartleby.com/61/11/N0101100.html
4. ^ http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-2246066,00.html

External links

• (Spanish) Tesoro Lexicográfico de la lengua española, database with digital copies of all of the dictionaries edited and published by the RAE.
• (Spanish) Real Academia Española webpage, with links to both the online version of the dictionary and the one of the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas.