Laz people

ethnic group
group=Lazepe
ლაზეფე


poptime=50,000 (est.)cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Laz-Orientation.html |title=Laz - Orientation |last=Hewsen |first=Robert H. |authorlink=Robert H. Hewsen |work=World Culture Encyclopedia |quote=The census of 1945 cited 46,987 Laz speakers but did not count Turkish-speaking Laz and is certainly an undercount. The Soviet census of 1926—the last one in which the Laz are mentioned—listed 643 ethnic Laz in Ajaria and 730 Laz speakers. Catford (1970) estimated the total number of Laz at about 50,000, but there is no question that they are gradually becoming assimilated to the Turkish population at large.]
popplace
region1 = flagcountry|Turkey: 50,000
region2 = flagcountry|Georgia (country): 2,000cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lzz |title=Laz |work=Ethnologue]
rels=Predominantly Sunni Islam, Orthodox Christians in Georgia [ Roger Rosen, Jeffrey Jay Foxx, The Georgian Republic, Passport Books (September 1991) ]

langs=Laz, Turkish, Georgian
related-c=Mingrelians and other Georgians
footnotes =

The Laz (Lazi (ლაზი) or Lazepe (ლაზეფე) in Laz, "Lazlar" in Turkish, "Lazi" (ლაზი) or "Č’ani" (ჭანი) in Georgian) are an ethnic group who live primarily on the Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia. One of the chief tribes of ancient kingdom of Colchis, the Laz were initially Orthodox Christians, most of whom converted to Sunni Islam during the Ottoman invasion of Caucasus in the 16th century.

The Laz of Turkey form two principal groups. One of these are indigenous to the eastern Black Sea province formerly known as Lazistan (modern Rize and Artvin provinces). The other group fled the Russian expansion later in the 19th century and settled in Adapazarı, Sapanca, Yalova and Bursa, in western and eastern parts of the Black Sea and Marmara regions, respectively. The Laz speak the Laz language, related to Mingrelian, Georgian and Svan (South Caucasian languages). [BRAUND, D., Georgia in antiquity: a history of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford University Press, p. 93] Laz identity in Georgia has largely merged with a Georgian identity and the meaning of "Laz" is seen as merely a regional category, [ [http://dare.uva.nl/document/71421 Jason and the New Argonauts] , p. 174. University of Amsterdam.] and are mainly concentrated in Ajaria.

Laz were converted to Christianity while living under the Byzantine Empire and kingdom of Colchis. During the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the vast majority of Laz became Sunni Muslims of Hanafi "madh'hab", and were ruled as part of the Lazistan sanjak.Fact|date=July 2008 There is also a very limited number of Christian Laz in Georgia. The Laz are primarily designated as fisherfolk by the Turkish public (in fact, they are mostly farmers of tea and maize) because anchovies constitute an important part of their diet.

History

The Laz people live in a geographic area which they refer to as "Lazona" ("ლაზონა"). Today, the entire area is part of the Republic of Turkey. Its history dates back to at least the 6th century B.C. when the first South Caucasian state in the west was the Kingdom of Colchis which covered modern western Georgia and modern Turkish provinces of Trabzon and Rize. Between the early 2nd century, B.C. and the late 2nd century A.D., the Kingdom of Colchis together with the neighbor countries, become an arena of long and devastating conflicts between major local powers Rome, Kingdom of Armenia and the short-lived Kingdom of Pontus. As a result of the brilliant Roman campaigns of generals Pompey and Lucullus, the Kingdom of Pontus was completely destroyed by the Romans and all its territory including Colchis, were incorporated into Roman Empire as her provinces.

The former Kingdom of Colchis was re-organized by the Romans into the province of Lazicum ruled by Roman legati. During Byzantine times, the word 'Colchi gave way to the term Laz.The Roman period was marked by further Hellenization of the region in terms of language, economy and culture. For example, since the early 3rd century, Greco-Latin Philosophical Academy of Phasis (present-day Poti) was quite famous all over the Roman Empire. In the early 3rd century, newly established Roman Lazicum was given certain degree of autonomy which by the end of the century developed into full the independence and formation of a new Kingdom of Lazica (covering the modern day regions of Mingrelia, Adjaria, Guria and Abkhazia) on the basis of smaller principalities of Zans, Svans, Apsyls and Sanyghs. Kingdom of Lazica survived more than 250 years until in 562 AD it was absorbed by the Byzantine Empire. In the middle of the 4th century, Lazica adopted Christianity as her official religion. That event was preceded by the arrival of St. Simon the Canaanite (or Kananaios in Greek) who was preaching all over Lazica and met his death in Suaniri (Western Lazica). According to Moses of Chorene, "the enemies of Christianity cut him in two halves with a saw."

The re-incorporation of Lazica with the Kingdom of Aphkhazeti into Byzantine Empire in 562 AD was followed by 150 years of relative stability that ceased in the early 7th century when the Arabs appeared in the area as a new regional power.

Geographical distribution

The ancient kingdom of Colchis and its successor Lazica (locally known as Egrisi) was located in the same region the Laz speakers are found in today, and its inhabitants probably spoke an ancestral version of the language. Colchis was the setting for the famous Greek legend of Jason and the Argonauts.

Today most Laz speakers live in Northeast Turkey, in a strip of land along the shore of the Black Sea. They form the majority in the Pazar (Atina), Ardeşen (Art'aşeni) and Fındıklı (Vitze) districts of Rize, and in the Arhavi (Arkabi), Hopa (Xopa) and districts of Artvin. They live as minorities in the neighbouring Çamlıhemşin (Vijadibi) and Borçka districts. There are also communities in northwestern Anatolia (Karamürsel in Kocaeli, Akçakoca in Düzce, Sakarya, Zonguldak, Bartın), where many immigrants settled since the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and now also in Istanbul and Ankara.

The Laz in Georgia are chiefly centered in the country's southwestern autonomous republic of Adjara. The largest Laz villages n Adjara are: Sarpi, Kvariati, Gonio and Makho. The Laz also live in Batumi, Kobuleti, Zugdidi and Tbilisi.

An expatriate community of the Laz is also present in Germany where they have migrated from Turkey since the 1960s.

Culture

The Laz language is not written, Turkish and Georgian serving as the literary languages for the Laz in Turkey and Georgia, respectively. Therefore, the Laz are typically bilingual. The Laz possess a colorful folklore. Their folk literature has been transmitted orally and has not been systematically recorded. The first attempts at establishing a distinct Laz cultural identity and creating a literary language based on the Arabic alphabet was made by Faik Efendisi in the 1870s, but he was soon imprisoned by the Ottoman authorities, while most of his works were destroyed. During a relative cultural autonomy granted to the minorities in the 1930s, the written Laz literature - based on the Laz script - emerged in Soviet Georgia, strongly dominated by Soviet ideology. The poet Mustafa Baniṣi spearheaded this short-lived movemenet, but an official standard form of the tongue was never established. [ru icon Tsitashi, I., [http://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le6/le6-0292.htm Лазская литература] ("Laz literature"), in: Литературная энциклопедия ("Encyclopedia of Literature"): — Moscow, 1929—1939.] Since then, several attempts have been made to render the pieces of native literature in the Turkish and Georgian alphabets. A few native poets in Turkey such as Raṣid Hilmi and Pehlivanoğlu have appeared later in the 20th century.

The Laz music and dances are highly original, even though they have been developed in close contact with the neighboring peoples. The national instruments include Guda, kemenche (violin), zurna (oboe), and doli (drum). In the 1990s and 2000s, the folk-rock musician Kâzım Koyuncu attained to significant popularity in Turkey and toured Georgia.

Most of the Laz in Turkey belong to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, while the Laz in Georgia are the Georgian Orthodox Christians. The pagan beliefs have survived in folk poetry and in some customs related to births, marriage, death, seamanship, the New Year, and harvest rituals.

Apart some research activities at universities in Georgia and Germany (University of Cologne), there has been done little to study the language and folk culture of the Laz. [ Silvia Kutscher (University of Cologne), [http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifl/asw/forschung/projekte/Lasisch/benningwd.pdf "Lazuri Nena" - The Language of the Laz] , p. 13.] A degree of cultural assimilation into the Turkish medium is high, but there has been some recent upsurge of cultural activities aiming at revitalizing the Laz tongue and folk tradition. [ [http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=100623 New association to keep Laz language alive] . "Turkish Daily News". April 2, 2008.]

The social organization of the Laz community is dominated by an elaborate system of kinship in which blood and milk brotherhood as well as elements of blood feuds have survived. The family is strongly dominated by the husband, but, even under Islam, the rule of monogamous marriage has been preserved.

Economy

The traditional Laz economy has been based on agriculture – known for production of hazelnuts until the 1960s, when the introduction of tea cultures which has since been growing in importance. It has largely eliminated the hitherto closed-economy, self-rearing way of life and encouraged many Laz to engage in trading, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union opened the border with Georgia.

The traditions of fishing, hemp cultivation, weaving of the material, ceramics and pottery are also widespread and trace their origin to the Classical antiquity.

Terminology

The general Turkish public use the name "Laz" for all inhabitants of Black Sea provinces to the east of Samsun. The name "Lazca" (Laz language) usually indicates the Trabzon dialect of Turkish to the non-Laz, although it actually is a South Caucasian language, unrelated to Turkish. On the other hand, Laz are keen to differentiate themselves from other inhabitants of the region. Also non-Laz refuse the naming, preferring to call themselves as "Karadenizli" [ [http://www.karalahana.com/english/archive/people.html People of Black Sea Region] ] ("from the Black Sea").

Notes

See also

*Chveneburi
*Hamshenis
*Pontic Greeks
*Adjarians

References

*Andrews, Peter (ed.). 1989. "Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey". Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag. pp. 497-501.
*Benninghaus, Rüdiger. 1989. "The Laz: an example of multiple identification". In: "Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey," edited by P. Andrews.
*Bryer, Anthony. 1969. The last Laz risings and the downfall of the Pontic Derebeys, 1812-1840, "Bedi Kartlisa" 26. pp. 191-210.
*Hewsen, Robert H. [http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Laz.html Laz] . "World Culture Encyclopedia". Accessed on September 1, 2007.
* [http://www.rferl.org/features/1998/06/f.ru.980625124850.asp Negele, Jolyon. "Turkey: Laz Minority Passive In Face Of Assimilation."] Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 June 1998

External links

* [http://www.karalahana.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1698&Itemid=56#usercomments Documentary film about history of the Laz people]
* http://www.lazebura.net Laz Cultur - Information about Lazs, Laz Language, Culture, Music] (Turkish und Laz)
* http://www.lazuri.com Laz Cultur - Information about Lazs, Laz Language, Culture, Music]
* http://kolkhoba.org Laz Cultur - Information about Lazs, Laz Language, Culture, Music and Laz Diaspora]
* http://www.lazkulturdernegi.com Information about]
* http://www.kolkha.org - Georgian Patriarchate's Lazuri TV site]
* http://www.sarfi.narod.ru - Batumi Lazs]