Breakthrough of the Year

The Breakthrough of the Year is an annual award made by the journal Science for the most significant development in scientific research. Originating in 1989 as the Molecule of the Year, inspired by Time's Man of the Year, it was renamed the Breakthrough of the Year in 1996. The Breakthrough of the Year is widely recognized as one of the highest distinctions in science.

Molecule of the year

• 1989 PCR and DNA polymerase^[1]
• 1990 the manufacture of synthetic diamonds^[2]
• 1991 buckminsterfullerene^[3]
• 1992 nitric oxide^[4]
• 1993 p53^[5]
• 1994 DNA repair enzyme^[6]

Since 2002 the Molecule of the Year has been awarded by the International Society For Molecular and Cell Biology and Biotechnology Protocols and Researches (ISMCBBPR).^[7]

• 2002 All-trans-Retinoic Acid^[8]
• 2003 Adenovirus GP&NP of the Ebola Vaccine^[9]
• 2004 Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide^[10]
• 2005 4E10^[11]
• 2006 hsa-mir-155 and hsa-let-7a-2^[12]
• 2007 PKD2L1^[13]
• 2008 anti-SAG 421-433 catalytic IgA^[14]
• 2009 Sleeping Beauty Transposase SB 100X^[15]
• 2010 FOXM1^{[16][17][18][19]}

Breakthrough of the year

• 1996 understanding HIV^[20]
• 1997 Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be cloned from adult cells^[21]
• 1998 the accelerating universe, dark matter^[22]
• 1999 capturing the promise of youth with stem cells^[23]
• 2000 Full genome sequencing^[24]
• 2001 nanocircuits or molecular circuit^[25]
• 2002 small RNAs^[26]
• 2003 dark energy^[27]
• 2004 Spirit rover landed on Mars^[28]
• 2005 evolution in action^[29]
• 2006 proof of the Poincaré conjecture^[30]
• 2007 Human genetic variation^[31]
• 2008 Cellular reprogramming^[32]
• 2009 Ardipithecus ramidus^[33]
• 2010 The first quantum machine^[34]

References

1. ^ R. L. Guyer and D. E. Koshland, Jr (1989). "The Molecule of the Year". Science 246 (4937): 1543–1546. doi:10.1126/science.2688087. PMID 2688087. 
2. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1990). "The Molecule of the Year". Science 250 (4988): 1637. Bibcode 1990Sci...250.1637K. doi:10.1126/science.250.4988.1637. 
3. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1991). "Molecule of the Year". Science 254 (5039): 1705. Bibcode 1991Sci...254.1705K. doi:10.1126/science.254.5039.1705. 
4. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1992). "The Molecule of the Year". Science 258 (5090): 1861. Bibcode 1992Sci...258.1861K. doi:10.1126/science.1470903. PMID 1470903. 
5. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1993). "Molecule of the Year". Science 262 (5142): 1953. Bibcode 1993Sci...262.1953K. doi:10.1126/science.8266084. PMID 8266084. 
6. ^ D. E. Koshland, Jr (1994). "Molecule of the Year: the DNA repair enzyme". Science 266 (5193): 1925. Bibcode 1994Sci...266.1925K. doi:10.1126/science.7801114. PMID 7801114. 
7. ^ Molecule of the Year. ISMCBBPR.
8. ^ Kitareewan S, Pitha-Rowe I, Sekula D, Lowrey CH, Nemeth MJ, Golub TR, Freemantle SJ, Dmitrovsky E. (2002). "UBE1L is a retinoid target that triggers PML/RARalpha degradation and apoptosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia.". PNAS 99 (6): 3806–11. Bibcode 2002PNAS...99.3806K. doi:10.1073/pnas.052011299. PMC 122605. PMID 11891284. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122605. 
9. ^ Nancy J. Sullivan, Thomas W. Geisbert, Joan B. Geisbert, Ling Xu, Zhi-yong Yang, Mario Roederer, Richard A. Koup, Peter B. Jahrling and Gary J. Nabel (2000). "Development of a preventive vaccine for Ebola virus infection in primates". Nature 408 (6812): 605–9. doi:10.1038/35046108. 
10. ^ George D Prell, Giorgio P Martinelli, Gay R Holstein, Jasenka Matuli?-Adami?, Kyoichi A Watanabe, Susan L F Chan, Noel G Morgan, Musa A Haxhiu, Paul Ernsberger (2004). "Imidazoleacetic acid-ribotide: an endogenous ligand that stimulates imidazol(in)e receptors". PNAS 101 (37): 13677–13682. Bibcode 2004PNAS..10113677P. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404846101. 
11. ^ Rosa M.F. Cardoso, Michael B. Zwick, Robyn L. Stanfield, Renate Kunert, James M. Binley, Hermann Katinger, Dennis R. Burtonand Ian A. Wilson. (2005). "Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV Antibody 4E10 Recognizes a Helical Conformation of a Highly Conserved Fusion-Associated Motif in gp41". immunity 22 (2): 163–173. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.12.011. PMID 15723805. 
12. ^ Nozomu Yanaihara, Natasha Caplen, Elise Bowman, Masahiro Seike, Kensuke Kumamoto, Ming Yi, Robert M. Stephens, Aikou Okamoto, Jun Yokota, Ta dao Tanaka, George Adrian Calin, Chang-Gong Liu, Carlo M. Croce and Curtis C. Harris. (2006). "Unique microRNA molecular profiles in lung cancer diagnosis and prognosis". Cancer Cell 9 (3): 189–198. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.01.025. PMID 16530703. 
13. ^ Yoshiro Ishimaru, Hitoshi Inada, Momoka Kubota, Hanyi Zhuang, Makoto Tominaga and Hiroaki Matsunami (2006). "Transient receptor potential family members PKD1L3 and PKD2L1 form a candidate sour taste receptor". PNAS 103 (33): 12569–12574. Bibcode 2006PNAS..10312569I. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602702103. 
14. ^ Stephanie Planque, Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Hiroaki Taguchi, Maria Salas, Carl Hanson and Sudhir Paul (2008). "Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and potential clinical utility". Autoimmunity Reviews 7 (6): 473–479. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002. PMC 2527403. PMID 18558365. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2527403. 
15. ^ Mátés L, Chuah MK, Belay E, Jerchow B, Manoj N, Acosta-Sanchez A, Grzela DP, Schmitt A, Becker K, Matrai J, Ma L, Samara-Kuko E, Gysemans C, Pryputniewicz D, Miskey C, Fletcher B, Vandendriessche T, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z. (2009). "Molecular evolution of a novel hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposase enables robust stable gene transfer in vertebrates". Nature Genetics 41 (6): 753–61. doi:10.1038/ng.343. PMID 19412179. 
16. ^ Gemenetzidis E, Costea ED, Parkinson EK, Waseem A, Wan H, Teh MT. (2010). "Induction of human epithelial stem/progenitor expansion by FOXM1". Cancer Research 70 (22): 9515–26. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2173. PMID 21062979. 
17. ^ Molecule of the Year 2010: http://ismcbbpr.synthasite.com/molyearnews.php
18. ^ Queen Mary University of London Press release: http://www.qmul.ac.uk/media/news/items/smd/44466.html
19. ^ Press release: http://www.biotechniques.com/news/2010-Molecule-of-the-Year/biotechniques-311295.html
20. ^ Michael Balter (1996). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. New Hope in HIV Disease". Science 274 (5295): 1988–1991. Bibcode 1996Sci...274.1988.. doi:10.1126/science.274.5295.1988. 
21. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (1997). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Cloning: The Lamb That Roared". Science 278 (5346): 2038–2039. Bibcode 1997Sci...278.2038P. doi:10.1126/science.278.5346.2038. 
22. ^ James Glanz (1998). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. ASTRONOMY: Cosmic Motion Revealed". Science 282 (5397): 2156–2157. Bibcode 1998Sci...282.2156G. doi:10.1126/science.282.5397.2156a. 
23. ^ Gretchen Vogel (1999). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Capturing the Promise of Youth". Science 286 (5448): 2238–2239. doi:10.1126/science.286.5448.2238. PMID 10636772. 
24. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (2000). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Genomics Comes of Age". Science 290 (5500): 2220–2221. doi:10.1126/science.290.5500.2220. PMID 11188701. 
25. ^ Robert F. Service (2001). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Molecules Get Wired". Science 294 (5551): 2442–2443. doi:10.1126/science.294.5551.2442. PMID 11752536. 
26. ^ Jennifer Couzin (2002). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Small RNAs Make Big Splash". Science 298 (5602): 2296–2297. doi:10.1126/science.298.5602.2296. PMID 12493875. 
27. ^ Charles Seife (2003). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Illuminating the Dark Universe". Science 302 (5653): 2038–2039. doi:10.1126/science.302.5653.2038. PMID 14684787. 
28. ^ Richard A. Kerr (2004). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. On Mars, a Second Chance for Life". Science 306 (5704): 2010–2012. doi:10.1126/science.306.5704.2010. PMID 15604365. 
29. ^ Elizabeth Culotta, Elizabeth Pennisi (2005). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Evolution in Action". Science 310 (5756): 1878–1879. doi:10.1126/science.310.5756.1878. PMID 16373538. 
30. ^ Dana Mackenzie (2006). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The Poincaré Conjecture—Proved". Science 314 (5807): 1848–1849. doi:10.1126/science.314.5807.1848. PMID 17185565. 
31. ^ Elizabeth Pennisi (2007). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Human Genetic Variation". Science 318 (5858): 1842–1843. doi:10.1126/science.318.5858.1842. PMID 18096770. 
32. ^ Gretchen Vogel (2008). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Reprogramming Cells". Science 322 (5909): 1766–1767. doi:10.1126/science.322.5909.1766. PMID 19095902. 
33. ^ Ann Gibbons (2009). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. Ardipithecus ramidus". Science 326 (5960): 1598–1599. Bibcode 2009Sci...326.1598G. doi:10.1126/science.326.5960.1598-a. 
34. ^ Adrian Cho (2010). "BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR. The First Quantum Machine". Science 330 (6011): 1604. Bibcode 2010Sci...330.1604C. doi:10.1126/science.330.6011.1604.