International Association for Professional Base Ball Players

, now thought of as the sole major league of the era.

The 1870's

Teams

In 1877, the International Association featured teams based in:
* London, Ontario, Canada (London Tecumsehs)
* Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh Alleghenies)
* Rochester, New York (The Rochesters)
* Manchester, New Hampshire (The Manchesters)
* Columbus, Ohio (Columbus Buckeyes)
* Guelph, Ontario, Canada (Guelph Maple Leafs)
* Lynn, Massachusetts (Lynn Live Oaks)

The Association's by-laws and constitution required member teams to pay $10 to join the league (plus an additional $15 to compete for the championship) and fan admission was set at 25 cents. Visiting teams were guaranteed $75, plus half of the gate receipts when they exceeded that amount ($75).

Pitcher Candy Cummings (inducted posthumously into the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York in 1939) was the first president of the International Association, while also a player for the Lynn Live Oaks of Massachusetts in 1877.

Candy Cummings and Fred Goldsmith, star pitcher for the London Tecumsehs in 1876, 1877 and 1878 and the Chicago White Stockings from 1880-1884, have both been credited by various baseball authorities/ historians as inventing the curveball. Cummings, however, appears to have won out, as he was inducted into the Hall of Fame largely on that basis.

Final standings of the 1877 International Association [Compiled by Ray Nemec of the Society for American Baseball Research]

*London Tecumsehs 14-4-2*
*Pittsburgh Alleghenies 13-6-0
*Rochester (The Rochesters), NY 10-8-0
*Manchester (The Manchesters), NH 9-10-0
*Columbus Buckeyes 9-11-2
*Guelph (Ontario, Canada) Maple Leafs 4-12-0
*Lynn (Massachusetts) Live Oaks 1-9-0 * disbanded

London's star pitcher, Fred Goldsmith had a 14-4 record in 193 innings pitched with 3 shutouts, during International Association play in 1877.

1878

The Buffalo Bisons, winners of the 1878 pennant, and the Syracuse Stars seriously hurt the International Association's chances at major league status when they joined the rival National League for the 1879 season. At the same time the London Tecumsehs dropped out of the league, causing it to be renamed the National Association for the 1879 season. Under that name it played through the 1880 season before dissolving.

In 1878 Bud Fowler, pitching for the Lynn, Massachusetts, club, became the first known African-American player in organized baseball.

The 1888 & 1889 league

In 1888 and 1889, Patsy Donovan played outfield for the London Tecumsehs of the International Association at Tecumseh Park (today's Labatt Park) in London, Ontario, Canada, where, in his first season in 1888, he led the league in batting with a .359 batting average (a batting average from the Donovan family Web site; according to the London Tecumsehs' official scorer C.J. Moorehead in a 1903 copy of "The London Advertiser", however, Donovan's 1888 batting average was .398), had 201 hits, scored 103 runs and stole 80 bases. His second season with the Tecumsehs was less successful due to a leg injury.

Donovan went on to an outstanding career in Major League Baseball, even playing a significant role in scouting Babe Ruth for the Big Leagues.

Notes

ee also

* Bryce's Base Ball Guide

External links

* [http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume6/212-217.htm Evolution of a National Pastime, Canadians at Bat for their Place in History by William Humber]
* [http://www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-0402-01-e.html 1876 and 1877 Bryce Baseball Guides]
* [http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:Dm5KztbELsQJ:www.rochester.lib.ny.us/~rochhist/v64_2002/v64i4.pdf+1877+London+Tecumsehs&hl=en&gl=ca&ct=clnk&cd=28 The 1877 Rochesters of the International Association]
* [http://lfpress.ca/newsstand/Today/Columnists/Reaney_James/2006/08/13/1752190-sun.htm "Patsy Donovan is remembered for a stellar season with the Tecumsehs" by James Reaney, "The London Free Press", August 13, 2006]
* [http://www.patsydonovan.com The Donovan family Web site]

References

* "The Northern Game: Baseball the Canadian Way" by Bob Elliott (Sport Classic, 2005).
* "Heritage Baseball: City of London" a souvenir program from July 23, 2005, celebrating the history of Labatt Park and London, Ontario's 150th anniversary as an incorporated city.
* "Boys of Summer: Knute, Boot, Milky and Buck" by Don Maudsley (SCENE magazine, London, Ontario, June 15, 2000).
* "The magic continues at London's Field of Dreams" by Barry Wells (SCENE magazine, London, Ontario, June 15, 2000).
* "Canada's Baseball Capital Celebrates 143rd Year" by William Humber (page 36 of the "London Majors Baseball Club, 1998 Souvenir Program").
* "Diamonds of the North: A Concise History of Baseball in Canada" by William Humber (Oxford University Press, 1995).
* "The Beaver, Exploring Canada's History", "Baseball's Canadian Roots: Abner Who?" by Mark Kearney (October-November 1994).
* "'The 1948 London Majors: A Great Canadian Team" by Dan Mendham (unpublished academic paper, UWO, December 7, 1992).
* "Diamond Rituals: Baseball in Canadian Culture" by Robert K. Barney, (Meckler Books, 1989).
* "Journal of Sport History", "A Critical Examination of a Source in Early Ontario Baseball: The Reminiscence of Adam E. Ford" by UWO Professor Robert K. Barney and Nancy Bouchier (Vol. 15, No. 1, Spring 1988).
* "Who's Who in Canadian Sport" by Bob Ferguson, (Summerhill Press Ltd., 1985).
* "Cheering for the Home Team: The Story of Baseball in Canada" by William Humber, (The Boston Mills Press, 1983).
* "Old Time Baseball and the London Tecumsehs of the late 1870s" by Les Bronson, a recorded (and later transcribed) talk given to the London & Middlesex Historical Society on February 15, 1972. Available in the London Room of the London Public Library, Main Branch.
* "Bill Stern's Favorite Baseball Stories" by Bill Stern, (Blue Ribbon Books, Garden City, New York, 1949).