Maurice Gamelin

Maurice Gamelin
General Maurice Gamelin (1936)
Born	20 September 1872(1872-09-20) Brussels, Belgium
Died	18 April 1958(1958-04-18) (aged 86) Paris, France
Allegiance	France
Service/branch	French Army
Years of service	1893-1940
Rank	Général d'armée
Battles/wars	World War I World War II *Battle of France
Awards	Grand cross of the Légion d'honneur Virtuti Militari (2nd Class)

Maurice Gustave Gamelin (20 September 1872, Paris - 18 April 1958) was a French general. Gamelin is best remembered for his unsuccessful command of the French military in 1940 during the Battle of France and his steadfast defense of republican values.

The generalissimo of the French armed forces in World War II, Gamelin was viewed as a man with significant intellectual ability. He was respected, even in Germany, for his intelligence and "subtle mind", though he was also viewed by some German generals as stiff and predictable. Despite this, and his competent service in World War I, his command of the French armies during the critical days of May 1940 proved to be disastrous. Historian and journalist William L. Shirer presented the view that Gamelin used World War I methods to fight World War II, but with less vigor and slower response.^[1]

Gamelin served with distinction under Joseph Joffre in World War I. He is often credited with being responsible for devising the outline of the French counter-attack in 1914 which led to victory during the First Battle of the Marne. In 1933, Gamelin rose to command of the French Army and oversaw a modernization and mechanization program, as well as the completion of the Maginot Line defenses. Édouard Daladier supported Gamelin throughout his career due to his refusal to allow politics to play a part in military planning and promotion, and his commitment to the republican model of government—not a trivial concern at a time when Communists on the left, Royalists and Fascists on the right were openly advocating regime change in France.

Early Years

Fascinated by stories of his father, Zéphyrin who fought in the Battle of Solferino in 1859 , From a early age; Gamelin showed potential as a promising French soldier, growing up in a generation seeking revenge on Germany for the defeat of 1870 and the subsequent German annexation of Alsace Lorraine in 1871 , Gamelin entered Saint-Cyr on 31 October 1891 and started officer training^[2].

Role in World War II

When war was declared in 1939 Gamelin was France's commander in chief and saw little action during the Phoney War, save a few French divisions crossing the German border in the Saar Offensive but only travelled a mere 8 km (5.0 mi). hey eventually stopped and did not even penetrate Germany's unfinished Siegfried Line even though, According to General Siegfried Westphal, German staff officer on the western front, if France had attacked in September 1939, German forces could not have held out for more than one or two weeks. Gamelin ordered his troops back behind the Maginot Line, but only after telling France's ally, Poland, that France had broken the Siegfried Line and that help was on its way. Gamelin's long term strategy was to wait till France had fully rearmed and for the British and French armies to build up their forces , even though this would mean waiting until 1941. Bombing the industrial areas of the Ruhr was also prohibited in case the Germans retaliated.

Gamelin's vision for France's defense was based upon a static defense along the Franco-German border, which was reinforced by the Maginot Line. However , the Maginot Line was only 87 mi (140 km) long and did not extent towards to Belgium frontier. During the winter of 1939/40, which was one of the coldest of the century, work on the extension to the Maginot Line was halted. Gamelin, along with many members of the French High Command saw that the Ardennes as impenetrable and chose to defend it with only ten reserve divisions. According to General von Manteuffel, the German Panzer commander, France had more and better tanks than Germany but chose to disperse them.

The defensive approach of the Maginot Line became out of step with Gamelin's own views and he favoured an aggressive advance northward into Belgium and the Netherlands to meet the attacking German forces as far removed from French territory as possible. This strategy fitted with Belgian defence plans and British objectives and was known as the Dyle Plan. Gamelin committed much of the motorized forces in the French Army and the entire BEF to this strategy.

Despite reports of the build-up of German forces and even knowing the date of the Germans attack, Gamelin did nothing, stating that he would "await events". When the Germans attacked, Gamelin insisted on moving 40 of his best divisions, including the British Expeditionary Force, northwards in conformity to the Dyle Plan. The French mobilisation had inadvertently called up many essential workers and this disrupted vital French industries in the first weeks of the campaign.

In the first few days of the campaign, much of the air force was attacked on the ground. The rest of the air support was concentrated on the French advance rather than attacking the exposed 150 km (93 mi) column supplying the German advance. Quickly, the French and the British became fearful of being outflanked and they withdrew from the defensive lines drawn up across Belgium. Even then they did not pull back fast enough to prevent them being outflanked by the German Panzer divisions.

Gamelin (in kepi) seen in Frank Capra's film Divide and Conquer

The wing of the German attack that occurred further south was able to cross the River Meuse faster than anticipated, aided by heavy Luftwaffe aerial bombardment. Although almost all the crossings over the Meuse were destroyed by the French, one weir 60 km (37 mi) north of Sedan had been left intact and was only lightly defended. It was thus quickly captured and exploited by the Germans. Meanwhile, French guns were ordered to limit their firing in case they ran out of ammunition. On this front, Colonel-General Heinz Guderian disobeyed orders and forged ahead. Gamelin withdrew forces in this area so that they could defend Paris, thinking this was the German's objective, rather than the coast.

Believing that he had been betrayed rather than blaming his own tactics, Gamelin then sacked twenty of his front line commanders.

Further north, Major-General Erwin Rommel also kept advancing quickly, against the orders from his superiors. He reached the sea to the west of the BEF trapping the forces that had been sent into the Low Countries around Arras and Dunkirk. In moving from France to Belgium and then back to France, a substantial amount of the armour was lost simply due to mechanical failure. As such, the French and British could not launch a counterattack spearheaded by tanks, and thus break out of encirclement. The speed of this advance, German air supremacy, the inability of the British and French to successfully counter-attack and suspicions of complicity undermined the overall Allied position to such a degree that Britain abandoned the conflict on the continent. 338,226 men (including 120,000 French soldiers) withdrew across the English Channel at Dunkirk. A second BEF that had been due to land in Normandy in mid-June was cancelled.

The Dutch surrendered within five days of being attacked, the Belgians in a little over two weeks and the French were left with only a rump of their former army to defend their nation. Gamelin was removed from his post on 18 May 1940 by Paul Reynaud, who had replaced Édouard Daladier as Prime Minister in March. The 68 year-old Gamelin was replaced by the 73 year-old Maxime Weygand who crucially delayed planned counter-attacks prior to eventually launching them — but by then it was too late.

After the fall of France

Gamelin was both preceded and succeeded as generalissimo by Maxime Weygand. During the Vichy regime, Gamelin was arrested and unsuccessfully tried for treason along with other important political and military figures of the Third Republic (Édouard Daladier, Guy La Chambre, Léon Blum and Robert Jacomet) during the Riom Trial. At this trial, Gamelin refused to answer the charges against him, instead maintaining a dignified silence. Imprisoned by the Vichy regime in Fort du Portalet in the Pyrenees, he was later deported by Germans in the Itter Castle in North Tyrol with few others French high personalities. After the war, he published his memoirs titled Servir....

Gamelin died in April, 1958, in Paris, France at the age of 86.

References

1. ^ William L. Shirer The Collapse of the Third Republic 1969
2. ^ The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence 1933-1940

Further reading

• Alexander, Martin S. (1991). "Maurice Gamelin and the defeat of France, 1939-40". In Bond, Brian. Fallen Stars. Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disaster. London: Brassey's. ISBN 008040717X. 
•     (1992). The Republic in Danger: General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933-1940. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521372348. 
• Gamelin, Maurice (1946). Servir. Paris: Plon. 
• Tissier, Pierre (1942). The Riom Trial. London: G. G. Harrap. 
• L'Ouest-Eclaire 1935-01-19 "Le général Gamelin succède au général Weygand comme généralissime tout en restant chef d'état-maior général". Includes a short bio.

Persondata
Name	Gamelin, Maurice
Alternative names
Short description	French general
Date of birth	20 September 1872
Place of birth	Paris
Date of death	18 April 1958
Place of death