Aaron Willard

Aaron Willard ("b." October 13, 1757, Grafton, Massachusetts, United States; "d." August 30, 1848, Boston, Massachusetts, United States) was an entrepreneur, an industrialist, and a designer of clocks who worked extensively at his Boston factory during the early years of the United States of America.

While at the family farm at Grafton, Aaron Willard developed his career conjointly with his three brothers, who became celebrated horologists too (though Aaron's and his brother Simon's creations are the most significant).

Both brothers moved to Boston's Roxbury Street, where they developed one of the first modern American industries, independently from each other. Simon and Aaron Willard's clocks were the first economically accessible timepieces of the country.

Willard Family

The first American ancestor of Willard's family was Simon Willard who arrived in 1634, together with his wife Mary Sharpe, stemming from Horsmonden, Kent, United Kingdom. In America, Simon Willard became a military commander and dealt fiercely with the Indians. The Willards were among the founders of the town of Concord, Massachusetts. Later on, Simon had a prominent role throughout the region as politician and judge.

A century later, Aaron Willard was of Simon's fifth New England generation. He was born in 1757, at a farm located in the hill-region of Grafton, in Worcester County, Massachusetts. Aaron Willard's parents were Benjamin Willard and Sarah Brooks. He was the third of four sons; his brothers were Benjamin, Simon, and Ephraim.

Willard Brothers

*See main article: Willard Brothers

After Senior Benjamin's first steps into horology, the four brothers became horologists as well. All developed their skills at their Grafton farm and, initially, they shared time between farming chores and the new activity. All their lives were closely connected and they had strong influence reciprocally.

A Pioneer American Industry

*See main article: Boston Early Clock Industry (Willard Brothers)

At Boston, the two Willard brothers' chief enterprises—Simon's and Aaron's—were of the first American industries. Their well-organized modern workshops demanded supplies—such as mahogany or previously-cast pieces—which stemmed from more than 20 manufacturers within a mile-zone. They dominated the clock-making in the Boston region.

Both brothers had successful uncompromising policies in commerce, although they were permanently pledged into improving the design of their clocks too. Due to Aaron's massive production, the clock became a domesticated product for public usage, whether in parlors, offices, or the like. Nonetheless, the Willard brothers' clocks weren't affordable yet for most common people.

The Willard family became quite recognizable within American high society, particularly Simon.

Clock-models

Although the clocks had been relatively expensive, both Willard brothers strove to compact the traditional 1700s British type of longcase clock. They simplified its action-mechanism and, for casing, they used specifically-tailored wooden frames—which were uncomplicated for either manufacturing or assembling.

Their new smaller models were relatively economic. Therefore, sales rose quickly, and the Willard brothers supplied clocks to both public and domestic consumers.

Aaron Willard's models were:
*Tall clock (Grandfather-Clock)
*Shelf clock (Half-Clock)
*Willard Patent Timepiece (Banjo-Clock)
*Gallery Clock
*Regulator clock

On every unit, Aaron Willard spelled his signature out, over either the dial or the glass-panel.

Tall Clock (Grandfather-Clock)

Aaron Willard began manufacturing and commercializing traditional longcase clocks. These models were the height of a normal person. Their autonomy could be either 30 hours (with a wooden mechanism) or 8 days (with a brass one).

The case

Like Simon's, Aaron's clocks adopted a distinguishing feature early: since 1790, about their cases where, up over the dial, the case-door delineated a half circle which echoed the dial.

The clocks' tops were adorned with a series of wooden curly arrangements called Whales-Tails. Later on, these ringlets evolved, and they finished extra-stretched and artistically-riddled too.

Many elements of brass—which were usually imported—sprinkled all case's woodwork. Particularly, Aaron's clocks had three spherical finials on top. However, the case presented a spate of other small brassy touches around, depending on the model.

The case's door was secured by means of an iron lock.

Faces

The hour-dial was enameled, and it had a variable complexity, in accord with the price of the model. For the economical, it was unadorned. For the most expensive types, the dial featured artistic paintings from recognized Bostonian artists.

Aaron Willard increased the value of his clocks by means of cute devices, such as:
*a wheel with a daily calendar -- which could be either numeric or astronomic --
*a rocking toy-shipThese objects required a single extra gear usually, but they were effective for charming potential customers.

Decadence

About 1812, the Napoleonic Wars altered the national economy, forcing a simplification of the most expensive models, due to cost-problems. For example, the dial-door became a conventional square, and the extra devices, which were traditionally around the dial, were simplified.

helf clock (Half-Clock)

Arriving to Boston about 1795, as well as Simon, Aaron Willard began producing the Shelf Clock. The model was constituted by minced parts of tall-clocks because clock's body was severed while, case and base, both were vertically-bonded. As a result, the clock was suitable for being placed over counters, bookcases, and the like.

About 1812, these models suffered too from the political crisis, and all additional fine arts and design were simplified.

Nowadays, the Shelf-Clocks are nonetheless considered Aaron's foremost department. They are avidly sought by collectors.

Banjo clock (Willard Patent Timepiece)

Aaron Willard's third clock-model was the Banjo clock, which eventually became the factory's mainstream.

The "Banjo" had been invented by Simon in 1802. It comprised a compacted mechanism in a compact body which could be fastened on a wall. With a not-cheap prize of about $30, it was nevertheless a hit. It became the most famous clock in the early history of the United States.

The two most important variants of the Banjo-Clock were the "Lyre", which had the body of a classical harp, and the "Girandole", which had a round base.

Daily work

Grafton

At Grafton, in Worcester County, Massachusetts, the one-room farm had been built in 1718 by Joseph Willard, who belonged to the third generation of the Willard family. The residence was further enlarged through the years.

In 1776, Benjamin Willard began learning the horologist profession there, and he built a small workshop for commerce. Consequently, his knowledge was learnt also by his brothers. All did a seasonal tradeoff between farming chores and their new profession. By producing clocks for the region, the business eventually was profitable.

Roxbury (1792)

Successively, three of Willard brothers moved to Boston's Roxbury Street. Benjamin arrived in 1770. Simon arrived approximately in 1778, to the 2196-address.

Aaron Willard brought his business in 1792 to the 2224-address which was a quarter of a mile from Simon's. The "Boston-Directory" promoted Aaron's establishment as "Aaron Willard, clock maker on the Neck." The factory's workshop functioned inside an extension which was bigger than the actual residence. Inside, the number of employees was approximately 30 during the best years. Within a radius of a quarter of a mile, 21 other important manufacturers supplied the factory in different capacities.

Marriages

Catherine Gates

After his two brothers had already settled in Boston, Aaron Willard met a lady who was from nearby. Catherine Gates was from the Roxbury region, which neighbored Boston to the south, in Suffolk County. They married on March 6, 1783, in Roxbury. She was 20 years old.

They had two children: Aaron Willard, Junior, on June 29, 1783, and Nancy Willard, on July 14, 1785. Catherine Gates died just days after the second birth. In time, Aaron Junior would be a renowned horologist too.

Mary Partridge

In the same decade, Aaron Willard married again, to Mary Partridge, who lived on nearby Roxbury St. She was 27 years old. The wedding took place at the Grafton farm on November 19, 1789.

They had nine children:
*Mary, in 1790
*Sophia and Emily, in 1792, who were twins
*Catherine Gates, in 1794
*George, in 1796
*Jane J., in 1798
*Charles, in 1800
*Henry, in 1802
*Morris, in 1808

Death

In 1823, Aaron Willard went into retirement.

He passed away on August 30, 1848, at Roxbury, Suffolk, Massachusetts. He was 95 years old.

Current exhibitions

Willard House and Clock Museum

Today, the Grafton homestead -- which housed the original Willard brothers' workshop -- is house museum Willard House and Clock Museum. It exhibits over 80 Willard clocks and numerous Willard family heirlooms.

* [http://www.willardhouse.org/ Willard House and Clock Museum]

Old Sturbridge Village

The J. Cheney Wells Clock Gallery is located at Old Sturbridge Village, Sturbridge, Massachusetts.

The general collection of 122 clocks has a scope which ranges from 1725 to 1825. Some of the pieces are valuated at over 100,000 dollars. Twelve of the clocks are Aaron Willard's.

References

*Main Sources
** [http://www.worcesterart.org/Collection/Early_American/Artists/penniman/biography/content.html Worcestert Art Museum]
** [http://maineantiquedigest.com/articles_archive/articles/mar04/landry0304.htm Maine Antique Digest]
** [http://www.davistownmuseum.org/bioWillard.htm The Davistown Museum]
** [http://maineantiquedigest.com/articles_archive/articles/conc0898.htm Maine Antique Digest]
** [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~silversmiths/32/29900.htm Silversmiths and Related Craftsmen]
** [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/3aa/3aa654.htm Traditional Fine Art Online]
** [http://texasjack.org/theScout/XII.2.pdf The Texas Jack Association]
** [http://sturbridgevillage.com/cgi-bin/CreatePDF.php?/learning/DocumentViewer.php?Action=View&DocID=882&PDF=Y Old Sturbridge Village]
** [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1026/is_5_167/ai_n13779972 Looksmart article]
** [http://www.oldandsold.com/articles02/biography-w.shtml Old and Sold]

Bibliography

Clock Making in New England 1725-1825: An Interpretation of the Old Sturbridge Village Collection. By Philip Zea and Robert C. Cheney. Village, 1992.

External links

* [http://maineantiquedigest.com/articles_archive/articles/mar04/landry0304.htm Maine Antique Digest]