Frederick W. Lanchester

Infobox Engineer


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nationality = English
birth_date = October 23, 1868
birth_place = Lewisham, London
death_date = March 8, 1946
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significant_advance =automotive engineering aerodynamics
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Frederick William Lanchester, Hon FRAeS (October 23, 1868 - March 8, 1946) was an English polymath and engineer who made important contributions to automotive engineering, aerodynamics and co-invented the field of operations research.

He was also a pioneer British motor car builder, a hobby he eventually turned into a successful car company, and is considered one of the "big three" English car engineers, the others being Harry Ricardo and Henry Royce.

Biography

Lanchester was born at Lewisham, London to Henry Jones Lanchester, an architect, and his wife Octavia, a tutor. He was the fourth of eight children. When he was a year old, his father moved the family to Brighton, and young Frederick attended a preparatory school and a nearby boarding school, where he did not distinguish himself. He himself, looking back remarked that, “it seemed that Nature was conserving his energy”. However, he did succeed in winning a scholarship to the Hartley Institution, in Southampton, and after three years won another scholarship, to, what is now, part of Imperial College, Kensington. He supplemented his instruction in applied engineering by attending evening classes at Finsbury Technical School. Unfortunately, he ended his education without having obtained a formal qualification.

When he completed his education in 1888, he took a job as a Patent Office draughtsman for £3 a week. About this time he took out a patent for an isometrograph, a draughtsman’s instrument for hatching, shading and other geometrical design work.Rolt, L.T.C., "Great Engineers", 1962, G. Bell and Sons, ISBN]

In 1919, at the age of fifty-one, Lanchester married Dorothea Cooper, the daughter of Thomas Cooper, the vicar of St Peter’s Church at Field Broughton in Lancashire. The couple moved to 41 Bedford Square, London, but in 1924 Lanchester built a house to his own design (Dyott End) in Oxford Road, Moseley. The couple remained there for the rest of their life together but had no children. ["The Lanchester Legacy, Volume 3", edited John Fletcher, 1996, ISBN 0-905949-47-1]

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1922, and in 1926 the Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him a fellowship and a gold medal.

In 1925 Lanchester founded a company called Lanchester Laboratories Ltd. This was to carry out industrial research and development work. Although he developed an improved radio and gramophone speaker, he was unable to market it successfully because of the recession. He carried on, overworking, until in 1934 his health failed and the firm was forced to close. He was eventually diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease.

He was awarded gold medals by the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1941 and the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1945.

Lanchester, who had never been commercially successful, lived out the rest of his life in straitened circumstances, and it was only through charitable help that he was able to remain in his home. He died at his home, Dyott End, on 8 March 1946.

Work

Gas engines

Near the end of 1888, Lanchester went to work for the Forward Gas Engine Company of Saltley, Birmingham as assistant works manager. His contract of employment contained a clause stating that any technical improvements that he made would be the intellectual property of the company. Lanchester wisely struck this out before signing. This action was prescient, for in 1889 he invented and patented a Pendulum Governor to control engine speeds, for which he received a Royalty of ten shillings for each one fitted to a Forward Engine. In 1890 he patented a Pendulum Accelerometer, for recording the acceleration and braking of road and rail vehicles.

After the death of the current works manager, Lanchester was promoted in his place. He then designed a new gas engine of greater size and power than any produced by the company before. The engine was a vertical one with horizontal, opposed poppet valves for inlet and exhaust. The engine had a very low compression ratio, but was very economical to run.

In 1890 Lanchester patented a self-starting device for gas engines. He subsequently sold the rights for his invention to the Crossley Gas Engine Company for a handsome sum.

He rented a small workshop next to the Forward Company’s works and used this for experimental work of his own. In this workshop, he produced a small vertical single cylinder gas engine of convert|3|bhp|kW|1|abbr=on|lk=on, running at 600 rpm This was coupled directly to a dynamo, which Lanchester used to light the Company’s office and part of the factory.

Petrol engines

Lanchester began to find the conflict between his job as works manager and his research work irksome. Therefore, in 1893, he resigned his position in favour of his younger brother George. At about the same time, he produced a second engine similar in design to his previous one but running on benzene at 800 rpm An important part of his new engine was the revolutionary carburettor, for mixing the fuel and air correctly. His invention was known as a wick carburettor, because fuel was drawn into a series of wicks, from where it was vapourised. He patented this invention in 1905.

Lanchester installed his new petrol engine in a flat-bottomed launch, which the engine drove via a stern paddle wheel. Lanchester built the launch in the garden of his home in Olton, Warwickshire. The boat was launched at Salter’s slipway in Oxford in 1904, and was the first motorboat built in Britain.

Cars

Having put a petrol engine in a boat, the next logical step was to use it for road transport. Lanchester set about designing a four-wheeled vehicle to be driven by a petrol engine. He designed a new petrol engine of convert|5|bhp|kW|1|abbr=on, with two crankshafts rotating in opposite directions, for exemplary smoothness, [Georgano, G.N. "Cars: Early and Vintage 1886-1930" (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.22.] and air cooling by way of vanes mounted on the flywheel. [Georgano, p.22.] There was a revolutionary [Georgano, p.22.] epicyclic gearbox (years before Ford adopted it) [Georgano, p.22.] giving two forward speeds plus reverse, and which drove the rear wheels "via" chains. With a walnut body, it seated three, side by side. [Georgano, p.22.] (By contrast, Rudolf Egg's tricycle had a 3 hp (2.2 kW) 402 cc {24½in³) [Georgano, p.23 cap.] de Dion-Bouton single and was capable of 40 km/h {25 mph}, [Georgano, p.23 cap.] and Léon Bollée's trike a 1.9 kW {2.5 hp} 650 cc (40 in³) [Georgano, p.23 cap.] engine of his own design, capable of over 50 km/h {30 mph}. [Georgano, p.23 cap.]

Lanchester's car was completed in 1895 and given its first test run in 1896, and proved to be unsatisfactory, being underpowered and having transmission problems. Lanchester designed a new 8 hp (6 kW) 2,895 cc (177 in³) [Georgano, p.22.] air-cooled engine with two horizontally opposed cylinders, still with two crankshafts. He also re-designed the epicyclic gearbox and combined it with the engine. A driveshaft connected the gearbox to a live axle. The new engine and transmission were fitted to the original 1895 car.

Lanchester had moved to larger workshops in Ladywood Road, Fiveways, Birmingham as work on the car progressed and had also sold his house to help finance the cost of his research. A second car was then built with the same engine and transmission but with Lanchester’s own design of cantilever suspension. This was completed in 1898 and won Gold Medal for its design and performance at the Automobile Exhibition and Trials at Richmond. It became known as the Gold Medal Phaeton.

In 1898, Lanchester designed a water-cooled version of his convert|8|bhp|kW|1|abbr=on engine, which was fitted to a boat, driving a propeller. In 1900 the Gold Medal Phaeton was entered for the first Royal Automobile Club 1,000 Miles Trial and completed the course successfully after one mechanical failure on route.

Lanchester Engine Company

In 1899 Lanchester and his brothers formed the Lanchester Engine Company in order to manufacture cars that could be sold to the public. A factory was acquired in Montgomery Street, Sparkbrook, Birmingham, known as the Armourer Works. In his new factory, Lanchester designed a new ten h.p. twin cylinder engine. He decided to use a worm drive transmission and designed a machine to cut the worm gears. He patented this machine in 1905 and it continued for 25 years to produce all of the Lanchester worm gears. He also introduced the use of splined shafts and couplings in place of keys and keyways, another innovation that he patented. The back axle had roller bearings and Lanchester designed the machines to make these. His car was designed with the engine placed between the two front seats rather than at the front, and also had a side mounted tiller rather than a steering wheel. The transmission also included a system similar to modern disk brakes that clamped the clutch disc for braking, rather than using a separate system as in most cars.

The new convert|10|hp|kW|1|abbr=on car appeared in 1901 and remained in production until 1905, with only minor design modifications. He became a friend of Rudyard Kipling and would send him experimental models to test. In 1905, Lanchester produced a convert|20|hp|kW|1|abbr=on four-cylinder engine, and in 1906 he produced aconvert|28|hp|kW|1|abbr=on six-cylinder engine. He was concerned with vibration and so introduced a crankshaft vibration damper and a harmonic balancer, both of which he patented.

The Lanchester Engine Company sold about 350 cars of various designs between 1900 and 1904, when they went bankrupt due to the incompetence of the Board of Directors. It was immediately reformed as The Lanchester Motor Company. Lanchester became disillusioned with the activities of the company’s directors, and in 1910 resigned as general manager, becoming their part-time consultant and technical adviser. His brothers, George and Frank, took over technical and administrative responsibility for the company. In 1909 Lanchester also became technical consultant of the Daimler Motor Company, and subsequently of its parent company Birmingham Small Arms.

During this period he also experimented with fuel injection, turbochargers, added steering wheels in 1907 and invented the accelerator pedal, which previously would not turn off if the operator had problems. He invented (or was the first to use) detachable wire wheels, bearings that were pressure-fed with oil, stamped steel pistons, piston rings, hollow connecting rods, the torsional vibration damper, and the harmonic balancer.

Aeronautics

Lanchester began to study aeronautics seriously in 1892, eleven years before the first successful powered flight. Whilst crossing the Atlantic on a trip to the United States, Lanchester studied the flight of herring gulls, seeing how they were able to use motionless wings to catch up-currents of air. He took measurements of various birds to see how the centre of gravity compared with the centre of support. As a result of his deliberations, Lanchester, eventually formulated his circulation theory of flight. This is the basis of aerodynamics and the foundation of modern aerofoil theory. In 1894 he tested his theory on a number of models. In 1897 he presented a paper entitled “The soaring of birds and the possibilities of mechanical flight” to the Physical Society, but it was rejected, being too advanced for its time. Lanchester realised that powered flight required an engine with a far higher power to weight ratio than any existing engine. He proposed to design and build such an engine, but was advised that no one would take him seriously.

Lanchester was discouraged by the attitude to his aeronautical theory, and concentrated on automobile development for the next ten years. In 1907 he published a two-volume work, Aerial Flight, dealing with the problems of powered flight. In it, he developed a model for the vortices that occur behind wings during flightcite web | url= http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-14-DFRC.html | title= Wake Vortex Research | accessdate= 2008-08-26] , which included the first full description of lift and drag His book was not well received in England, but created interest in Germany where the scientist, Ludwig Prandtl mathematically confirmed the correctness of Lanchester’s vortex theory. In his second volume, he turned his attention to aircraft stability, "aerodonetics", developing Lanchester's phugoid theory which contained a description of oscillations and stalls. During this work he outlined the basic layout almost all aircraft have used since then. Lanchester’s contribution to aeronautical science was not recognised until the end of his life.

In 1909 Asquith's Royal Advisory Committee on Aeronautics was set up, and Lanchester was appointed a member. Lanchester could see that aircraft would play an increasingly important part in warfare, unlike the military command, which saw warfare as continuing in the same way it had in the past.

Lanchester’s Power Laws

During World War I he was particularly interested in predicting the outcome of aerial battles. In 1916 he published his ideas on aerial warfare in a book entitled “Aircraft in Warfare: the Dawn of the Fourth Arm”, which included a description of a series of differential equations that are today known as Lanchester's Power Laws. The Laws described how two forces would attrit each other in combat, and demonstrated that the ability of modern weapons to operate at long ranges dramatically changed the nature of combat -- a force that was twice as large had been twice as powerful in the past, but now it was four times, the square of the quotient. [Lanchester F.W. "Aircraft in Warfare: the Dawn of the Fourth Arm"]

Lanchester's Laws were originally applied practically in the United States to study logistics, where they developed into operations research (OR) (operational research in UK usage). Today OR techniques are widely used, perhaps most so in business.

The post-war company

After the war the Company introduced the more conventional Forty, a rival for the Rolls-Royce 40/50 hp; it was joined in 1924 by an overhead cam convert|21|hp|kW|1|abbr=on six. In 1921 Lanchester was the first company to export left-hand drive cars. Tinted glass was also introduced on these cars for the first time. A 4440 cc straight eight was launched at the 1928 Southport Rally, again with overhead cams: it proved to be the last "real" Lanchester, for in 1931 the company was acquired by Daimler, and Lanchesters became merely re-clothed Daimlers.

Legacy

Lanchester was respected by most fellow engineers as a far-sighted genius, but he did not have the business acumen to turn his inventiveness to financial gain. Whereas James Watt had found an able business partner in Matthew Boulton, who took care of the business side of things, Lanchester had no such support. He wrote more than sixty technical papers for various institutions and organisations, and received awards from a number of bodies.

During most of his career he lacked financial backing to be able to develop his ideas and carry out research, as he would have liked. Few scientists have made so many contributions in so many different fields, as Lanchester has done. It is a pity that his name is not better remembered for his many achievements.

An open-air sculpture, the Lanchester Car Monument, in the Bloomsbury, Heartlands, area of Birmingham, designed by Tim Tolkien, is on the site where the first four wheel petrol car was made by Lanchester.

In 1970, several colleges in Coventry merged to form Coventry Lanchester Polytechnic, so named in memory of Frederick Lanchester. [cite web | url= http://www.coventry.ac.uk/the-university-and-coventry-city/history | work= Coventry University | title= History | accessdate= 2008-01-29] This later became Coventry University.

ee also

*Circulation Theory
*Lanchester's Laws
*Phugoid

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