Quebec literature

This is an article about literature in Quebec.

16th and 17th centuries

During this period, the society of New France was being built with great difficulty. The French merchants contracted to transport colonists did not respect their end of the bargain, and the French and their Indian allies were at war with the Iroquois, allied to the English until 1701, etc. To add to these difficulties, the printing press was officially forbidden in Canada until the British Conquest.

In spite of this, some notable documents were produced in the early days of colonization and were passed down from generation to generation until today. The "Voyage" of Jacques Cartier, the "Muses de la Nouvelle-France" of Marc Lescarbot, the "Voyages" of Samuel de Champlain are memories of the exploration of North America and the foundation of New France.

The "Relations des jésuites", "Le Grand voyage au pays des Hurons" of Gabriel Sagard, the "Écrits" of Marguerite Bourgeois were written by the many religious founders of New France who had undertaken the task of converting the "Sauvages" to Christianity.

Many songs and poems were transmitted orally by the early French settlers. A popular French ballad, "À la claire fontaine" was adapted by the voyageurs and gave us the version that is known today in Quebec.

The first patriotic song of Quebec (then known as "le Canada") was written by a soldier, François Mariauchau d'Esgly. Entitled "C'est le Général de Flip", it paid tribute to the resistance of the French at Quebec during the siege of General William Phips in 1690.

In France, Canada and New France in general caught the interest of many writers, notably François Rabelais who refers to Cartier and Roberval in Pantagruel.

18th century

Until 1760, the themes of nature, explorations, and the "Sauvages" continued to mark the imagination of the civilization of New France. The "Moeurs des sauvages américains" of Joseph Lafiteau, "Histoire de l'Amérique septentrionale" of Bacqueville de la Potherie and the "Histoire et description générale de la Nouvelle-France" are in continuity with the writings of the preceding century.

The first verified use of the term "Canadien" to designate the descendants of French settlers in Canada was written in a song composed in 1756 in honor of Governor Vaudreuil after the military victory of Fort Chouaguen. In 1758, Étienne Marchand wrote a famous poem in "Le carillon de la Nouvelle-France". This song tells the story of the victorious battle of Fort Carillon.

The first poem written by a "Canadien" after the cession of Canada to Great Britain is "Quand Georges trois pris l'Canada" written by an anonymous author in 1763.

The "Quebec Gazette" newspaper was founded in Quebec City by William Brown on June 21, 1764. The bilingual paper was published in both the French language and the English language and over the years survived to be the oldest newspaper still publishing in North America.

The literary trends of Europe and the rest of America slowly penetrated the cities, primarily Quebec City and Montreal. The writings of the Enlightenment and those produced at the time of the American and French revolutions were dominant in the available literature.

Valentin Jautard and Fleury Mesplet published the first journal of Quebec, the "Gazette du commerce et littéraire", in 1778–79. Valentin Jautard, a disciple of Voltaire and sympathizer with the American cause, published many poems under different pseudonyms.

Some notable names of the time are Joseph-Octave Plessis, Ross Cuthbert, Joseph Quesnel and Pierre de Sales Laterrière.

In France, Voltaire wrote L'Ingénu, the tale of a Huron who visits France and also Chateaubriand, a French noble exiled in America, wrote Atala and René.

19th century

The 19th century marks the beginning of the first real literary works published by Quebecers, including Michel Bibaud, Pierre Boucher de Boucherville, François Réal Angers, Philippe Aubert de Gaspé (son), Amédée Papineau, Joseph Doutre, François-Xavier Garneau, Pierre Jean Olivier Chauveau, Louis-Antoine Dessaulles, H.-Émile Chevalier.

By 1860s, Quebec authors were able to acquire a certain autonomy. It was now easier to publish a book and mass produce it.

Antoine Gérin-Lajoie, Philippe Aubert de Gaspé (father), Louis Fréchette, Arthur Buies, William Kirby, Honoré Beaugrand, Laure Conan, Edith Maude Eaton, William Chapman, Jules-Paul Tardivel, Winnifred Eaton, Pamphile Lemay were some of the key writers in this era.

An anonymous song, "Les Raftsmen", became popular at the beginning of this century.

20th century

*Hubert Aquin
*Nick Auf der Maur
*Victor Barbeau
*Yves Beauchemin
*Victor-Lévy Beaulieu
*Marie-Claire Blais
*Denise Bombardier
*Paul-Émile Borduas
*Jacques Brault
*Roch Carrier
*Leonard Cohen
*Réjean Ducharme
*Fernand Dumont
*Esther Delisle
*Louis Emond
*Jacques Ferron
*Michel Garneau
*Susan Glickman
*Jacques Godbout
*Heward Grafftey
*Lionel Groulx
*Germaine Guèvremont
*Jean-Charles Harvey
*Anne Hébert
*Louis Hémon
*A. M. Klein
*Irving Layton
*Dany Laferrière
*Gilles Leclerc
*Roger Lemelin
*Antonine Maillet
*Yann Martel
*Gaston Miron
*Émile Nelligan
*Mordecai Richler
*Gabrielle Roy
*Félix-Antoine Savard
*David Solway
*Hector de St-Denys Garneau
*Yves Thériault
*Michel Tremblay
*Roland Michel Tremblay
*Marie Uguay
*Pierre Vallières

In addition, New Englanders of French-Canadian descent became important figures in American literature, notably Jack Kerouac and Grace Metalious.

ee also

*Culture of Quebec
*List of Quebec authors
*Culture of Canada
*List of Canadian writers
*Francophone literature

External links

* [http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/royindex.htm History of French Canadian literature] .

* [http://clicnet.swarthmore.edu/litterature/litterature.quebecoise/andres.sommaire.html Quebec literature in 600 titles] (in French)
* [http://membres.lycos.fr/vigno/ La littérature québécoise] (in French)
* [http://www.unites.uqam.ca/arche/accueil.html Centre québécois de recherche sur l'archive littéraire] (in French)
* [http://jydupuis.apinc.org/pdf/ Public domain literature of Quebec in French]
* [http://jydupuis.apinc.org/english/ Public domain literature of Quebec in English]