Qaboos bin Said al Said

Infobox_Monarch
name ="'Qaboos bin Sa‘id Al Said
قابوس بن سعيد آلسعيد
title =Sultan of Oman


reign =23 July 1970 – present
coronation =
predecessor =Sa‘id ibn Taymur
successor =
heir =
consort =
royal house =Al Bu Sa‘idi
royal anthem =
father =Sa‘id ibn Taymur
mother =Mazwon bint Ahmad
date of birth =birth date and age|1940|11|18
place of birth =Salalah, Oman
date of death =
place of death =
place of burial=|

Qaboos bin Sa‘id al Said GCB GCMG GCVO ( _ar. قابوس بن سعيد آلسعيد; ArTranslit|qābūs bin sa’id as-sa’id; born November 18, 1940 in Salalah, Oman) is the Sultan of the Sultanate of Oman. He rose to power after overthrowing his father, Sa‘id ibn Taymur, in 1970. He is the 14^th descendant of the Al Bu Sa‘idi dynasty. [cite encyclopedia
title = Qaboos bin Said
encyclopedia = Webster's Concise Encyclopedia
volume = 1
pages = 520
publisher = Gramercy Books
location = New York
date = 1998
id =
accessdate = ]

Early life

Sultan Qabus ibn Sa‘id was born in Salalah in Dhofar on date|18 November 1940. He is the only son of Sultan Qabus ibn Sa‘id Taymur and is of the 8^th generation of the Al Bu Sa‘idi dynasty. He received his primary and secondary education in Salalah and at Pune, India and attended a private educational establishment in England from the age of sixteen. At 20 he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. After graduating from Sandhurst, he joined a British Infantry regiment, The Cameronians, and served in the 4^th Battalion in Germany for one year. He also held a staff appointment with the British Army.

After his military service, Sultan Qabus studied local government subjects in England and, after a world tour, returned home to Salalah where he studied Islam and the history of his country.

Rise to power

For six years prior to Said bin Taymur's overthrow, Qaboos experienced virtual house arrest in the royal palace of Salalah. In July 1970, soldiers supporting Qaboos clashed with forces loyal to Said bin Taymur, and deposed him. [ [http://www.chris-kutschera.com/A/Oman%201970.htm Oman: The Death of the Last Feudal Arab State ] ] Qaboos maintains that his father abdicated the throne.cite journal
last=Trofimov
first=Yaroslav
date=2001-12-14
title=Oman has oil, but it had no orchestra
journal=Wall Street Journal
pages=p. A6] The British government helped to consolidate Qabus' power.

Qaboos acceded to the throne on date|1970-07-23, moving to Muscat. There he declared that the country would no longer be known as Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in order to better reflect its political unity.

The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as Sultan was an armed communist insurgency from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1965–1975). The Sultanate eventually defeated the incursion with help from Iran, British special forces, and the Royal Air Force.

Reign as Sultan

The political system which Qabus established is that of an absolute monarchy. Unlike the situation in neighboring Saudi Arabia, Qabus' decisions are not subject to modification by other members of Oman's sultanic family. Government decisions are said to be made through a process of decision-making by "consensus" with federal, provincial, local and tribal representatives, though critics allege that Qabus exercises "de facto" control of this process.Fact|date=February 2008 Qabus ibn Sa‘id also regularly engages in tours of his realm, in which any citizen with a grievance or request is (at least in theory) allowed to appeal to the sultan in person. Critics claim these meetings to be scripted as well.Fact|date=February 2008

More recently, Qabus has allowed parliamentary elections (in which women have voted and stood as candidates) and pledged greater openness and participation in government. As yet, however, this parliament lacks substantial political power.

Qabus' supporters point to his relative success in governing the country. By Persian Gulf standards, Oman boasts good public order (it is basically a safe country, even for foreigners), middling prosperity (given its level of oil revenues) and a relatively permissive society.Fact|date=February 2008 Since he acceded to the throne, Oman has broadened international relations, allowed newspapers, established high schools, built highways, opened hotels and shopping malls and spends a substantial portion of its dwindling oil revenues on health care and education. Full democracy, they say, might threaten these accomplishments.Fact|date=February 2008

Unlike the heads of other Persian Gulf Arab states, Qabus ibn Sa‘id has not publicly named an heir. Article 6 of the [http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/mu00000_.html constitution] actually provides that the Ruling Family Council chooses the successor after the throne becomes vacant, and that the sultan's preference, to be expressed in an official letter (which Qabus maintains has already been sealed and delivered to the defence minister), is only resorted to in the event of lack of familial consensus. Critics fear, however, that the resulting uncertainty could inspire a power struggle among members of the dynasty and/or the military. A power vacuum could thus coincide with the expected depletion of Oman's oil supplies, threatening the nation's continued peace and prosperity.

In 1998, Qabus ibn Sa‘id was presented with the International Peace Award by the National Council on US-Arab RelationsFact|date=February 2008. He also forges and maintains good relations with other Arab States and partners in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).

The Sultan's birthday, date|November 18, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.

Personal

Sultan Qabus ibn Sa‘id is a Muslim of the Ibadi school of jurisprudence, which has traditionally ruled Oman. [Though Ibadhis are the majority in Oman, with Sunnis a minority, exact percentages are unavailable; 55% for the Ibadhis is often cited, while the Sunnis, followed by a small amount of local Shiites and foreign Hindus, Christians, and others make up the remaining 25%.Fact|date=February 2008] A religious liberal, he has financed the construction or maintenance of a number of mosques, as well as the holy places of other religions.

In 1976 Qabus ibn Sa‘id married his cousin, Kamila, née Sayyidah Nawwal bint Tariq (born 1951), daughter of HH Sayyid Tariq ibn Taymur, [cite web| url=http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Oman/oman4.htm |title=Oman: The Al-Busaid Dynasty Genealogy |accessdate=2007-01-10 |work=Royal Ark |first=Christopher |last=Buyers] but the marriage soon ended in divorce. He has no children. Within Oman, the rumor that he is gay may have diminished respect for him to an unknown degree, both as an observant Muslim and as a monarch perceived as not taking adequate measures to groom a dynastic successor. [Katz, Mark, [http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue3/jv8n3a1.html "Assessing the Political Stability of Oman"] , "Middle East Review of International Affairs", Volume 8, No. 3 - September 2004.]

Qabus ibn Sa‘id is an avid fan and promoter of classical music. His 120-member orchestra has a high reputation in the Middle East. Although initially trained by British professionals (who were paid much more than Omanis, whence most were recruited), the orchestra consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition as children and grow up as members of the symphonic ensemble. They play locally and travel abroad with the sultan (although not to Salafi Saudi Arabia, because the orchestra mixes male and female musicians). Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned to compose a work entitled "Symphonic Impressions of Oman" [ [http://schifrin.com/miva/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=LS&Product_Code=CD-ALEPH+028http://schifrin.com/miva/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=LS&Product_Code=CD-ALEPH+028 Miva Merchant: Fatal Error ] ] and is particularly enthusiastic about the pipe organ. [ [http://www.mathismusic.com/organs/carlo_curly.htm Carlo Curly & Mathis Music ] ] Such cultural innovations by the sultan have, however, been criticised as "just wasted money" because, as an Omani professional observed in 2001, "music diverts us from being serious about religion."

Palaces

He has the following palaces in Oman:
*Alam palace
*Barka palace
*Seeb palace
*Salalah palace
*Sohar Palace

Automobiles

He is seen driving around the country with the following cars:
*2 Mercedes 2007 S-class pullman.
*Range rovers.
*Mercedes GL-Class.

In addition he has a personal motor show room which holds many Aston Martins, Ferraris, Rolls Royces and Bugatti.

Yachts

Sultan Qaboos possesses a number of luxury yachts. As of 2007, his yachts include:
*Al-Said (155m long) which cost in excess of $500 million. In use since 2008.
*Fulk Al-Salamah (136m) In use since 1982.
*Loaloat al Behar (103m)
*Al Noores (36m)
*Zinat al Bihaar
*M/Y Sultan (Yet to arrive to Oman)

uccession

The line of succession is unclear in Oman, where there is a history of contested successions and "coups d'état". Sultan Qabus ibn Sa‘id deposed his own father. His father had replaced his grandfather after what may have been a forced abdication. Qabus ibn Sa‘id has no children and has three sisters. There are other male membes of the Omani royal family such as several paternal uncles who are still alive and their families. Using primogeniture the successor to Qabus would appear to be the children of his late uncle, His Royal Highness Prince Tariq bin Taimur Al-Said, The Former, First and only Prime Minister in Oman's history. [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~royalty/oman/i14.html#I14] . Nevertheless, because no successor has been named the transfer of royal power following the end of Qabus's reign is likely to be fractious.

Honours

Qaboos holds the following ranks: [ [http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Oman/oman6.htm] ]

*Field Marshal, Royal Army of Oman
*Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy of Oman
*Marshal of the Royal Air Force of Oman
*Supreme Commander, Royal Oman Police
*General (honorary), British Army

ee also

*List of national leaders

References

External links

* [http://www.mofa.gov.om/oman/hismajesty Oman Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
* [http://www.omanet.om/english/government/hmspage/tribute.asp Official account of the Sultan's reign]
* [http://www.omanet.om/english/history/sultan.asp| Oman Ne]