- Deendayal Upadhyaya
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Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya Personal details Born 25 September 1916
Dhankia in Rajasthan, IndiaDied 11 February 1968 (aged 51) Political party Bharatiya Jana Sangh Religion Hindu Pandit Deendayal Upadhyaya (Hindi: पण्डित दीनदयाल उपाध्याय) (September 25, 1916 - February 11, 1968), along with Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, was an important leader of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, now the Bharatiya Janata Party.
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Earlier Life and Education
He was born in the village of Dhankia in Rajasthan. He lost his father Bhagwati Prasad when he was less than three years old and his mother before he was eight. He was then brought up by his maternal uncle. His parents belonged to the village Nagla Chandrabhan, Near Farah, Mathura district in Uttar Pradesh. He lost his parents during his early childhood, but he continued his studies as a shining student. He obtained gold medals both at the Matriculation Board Exam in 1935 and Intermediate Board Exam in 1937 from GD Birla at Pilani. Pandit completed his intermediate at the Birla College in Pilani which later became the prestigious Birla Institute of Technology and Science. Later, he did his B.A. and B.T. from Kanpur University. He even qualified the Civil Service Exam; but he didn't join civil services as he was fascinated by the idea of making for and working with the common people.
RSS and Jansangh
While he was a student at Sanatan Dharma College, Kanpur, in 1937 he joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). He dedicated himself to full-time work in the RSS from 1942. Deendayal Upadhyaya was a man of soaring idealism and had a tremendous capacity for organisation. He started a monthly Rashtra Dharma, a weekly Panchjanya and a daily Swadesh.
In 1951, when Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee founded the Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Deendayal became the first general secretary of its Uttar Pradesh branch. Next, he was chosen as all-India general secretary. The acumen and meticulousness shown by Deendayal deeply impressed Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee and elicited his famous remark:
“ If I had two Deendayals, I could transform the political face of India. ” After Dr Mookerjee's death in 1953, the entire burden of nurturing the orphaned organisation and building it up as a nation-wide movement fell on the young shoulders of Deendayal. For 15 years, he remained the outfit's general secretary and built it up, brick by brick. He raised a band of dedicated workers imbued with idealism and provided the entire ideological framework of the outfit. He also contended for lok sabha from Uttar Pradesh, but failed.
Philosophy
Main article: Integral humanismUpadhyaya conceived the political philosophy Integral Humanism - the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party. The philosophy of Integral Humanism advocate the simultaneous and integrated program of the body, mind and intellect and soul of each human being. His philosophy of Integral Humanism, which is a synthesis of the material and the spiritual, the individual and the collective, bears eloquent testimony to this. In the field of politics and economics, he was pragmatic and down to earth. He visualized for India a decentralized polity and self-reliant economy with the village as the base.
Deendayal Upadhyay was convinced that we as an independent nation cannot rely upon Western concepts like individualism, democracy, socialism, communism, capitalism etc. and he was of the view that the Indian polity after our independence has been raised upon these superficial Western foundations and not rooted in the timeless traditions of our ancient culture. He was of the view that the Indian intellect was getting suffocated by Western theories and ideologies and consequently there was a big roadblock on the growth and expansion of original Bharatiya thought. He said that there was an urgent public need for a fresh breeze.
He welcomed modern technology but wanted it to be adapted to suit Indian requirements. Deendayal believed in a constructive approach. He exhorted his followers to co-operate with the government when it was right and fearlessly oppose when it erred. He placed nation's interest above everything else. He died in unexpected circumstances and was found dead on 11 February, 1968 at Mughal Sarai Railway yard. The following rousing call he gave to the thousands of delegates in the Calicut session, still rings in their ears:
“ We are pledged to the service not of any particular community or section but of the entire nation. Every countryman is blood of our blood and flesh of our flesh. We shall not rest till we are able to give to every one of them a sense of pride that they are children of Bharatmata. We shall make Mother India Sujala, Suphala (overflowing with water and laden with fruits) in the real sense of these words. As Dashapraharana Dharini Durga (Goddess Durga with her 10 weapons) she would be able to vanquish evil; as Lakshmi she would be able to disburse prosperity all over and as Saraswati she would dispel the gloom of ignorance and spread the radiance of knowledge all around her. With faith in ultimate victory, let us dedicate ourselves to this task. ” Pandit Upadhyaya edited Panchjanya (Weekly) and Swadesh (Daily) from Lucknow. In Hindi, he has written a drama Chandragupta Maurya, and later wrote a biography of Shankaracharya. He translated a Marathi biography of Dr. K.B. Hedgewar, the founder of RSS.
Criticism of Integral HumanismIntegral Humanism remains an inordinately convoluted, confusing and reactionary ideology even today. For instance, integral humanism makes controversial and high-minded statements such as - Machine is an assistant of the worker and not his competitor. This implies a total neglect of the concept of liberty. Entrepreneurs should be able to deploy a machine as and when he deems necessary as long as the worker can operate it safely and the machine does not lead to creation of negative externalities (e.g. pollution). While there are many reasons for deploying a machine, the main purpose is to increase the operating efficiency.
Regarding education it says - To charge fees for something which is in the interest of the society itself seems rather odd. Integral humanism favors free education but does not prescribe how the teachers, professors and academic researchers will be paid as well as they should be - in order to attract greater talent to these professions. It also proposes "Guarantee of work" and free health-care for all. Here, again, it makes the same mistake of not prescribing who will ensure that adequate incentives (financial and other) are in place for talented individuals to enter the medical profession. And how will the necessary disincentives be created to ensure that doctors will not indulge in mal-practices. Specifically regarding free-healthcare - Shri Upadhyay does not even bother with the cost of designing and implementing such a system. Where will the funds come from? And worse yet - do we have the skills and information to be able to co-ordinate and/one manage such a massive endeavor.
Shri Upadhyay systematically ignores technology, price system, incentives and disincentives, moral hazard, adverse selection, externalities (negative as well as positive), cost of information, property rights, costs of culture, transaction costs (the problem of social cost), business/economic cycles, inter-generational altruism, role of credit, contractual and evolutionary nature of institutions and value systems, competition and learning curve. Innovation, risks, uncertainty and costs almost never figure in the entire literature on integral humanism.
Above all integral humanism attempts to impose a particular ideology upon people. It seems to assume that selflessness (altruism) and sacrifice should be of higher priority than self-interest for all people. It ignores the possibility that people can choose their own ideology for themselves and government does not have to choose it for people.
References
Categories:- 1916 births
- 1968 deaths
- Indian politicians
- Unsolved deaths or murders
- Bharatiya Janata Party politicians
- Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University alumni
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