- Fluxus at Rutgers University
The mid-20th-century art movement
Fluxus had a strong association withRutgers University .Allan Kaprow and Robert Watts, both key figures in the movement, originally met while they were students atColumbia University ; though only together there for one year, soon after they both began teaching at Rutgers.George Brecht was working inNew Brunswick, New Jersey when he saw the work of Robert Watts on display at the university. He was so impressed that he sought him out and they became friends.Claes Oldenburg referred to Allan Kaprow, George Segal, George Brecht,Robert Whitman , Robert Watts,Lucas Samaras ,Geoffrey Hendricks andRoy Lichtenstein as the New Jersey School. George Segal and Allan Kaprow referred to it as the New Brunswick School of Painting.In the late 1950s, George Segal invited Allan Kaprow to go on a mushroom hunt with him and
John Cage . Cage is remembered for his class in experimental composition, but he also taught mushroom identification. A discussion on the use of electronic sound recordings in art pieces led to Cage inviting Kaprow to his class. George Segal, Allan Kaprow, and Robert Watts all attended Cage’s class.The first "happenings"
Segal hosted annual picnics for his New York art friends. It was at one of these that Kaprow first coined the term
Happening , for an impromptu artistic event, in the Spring of 1957. ‘Happening’ first appeared in print in the Winter 1958 issue of the Rutgers undergraduate literary magazine, ‘’Anthologist’’. The form was imitated and the term was adopted by artists across theUnited States ,Germany , andJapan .Jack Kerouac referred to Kaprow as “the Happenings man,” and an ad showing a woman floating in outer space declared, “I dreamt I was in a happening in myMaidenform brassiere.”Other events
Yam Festival
George Brecht and Robert Watts would meet for lunch once a week at the
Howard Johnson's in New Brunswick, they were occasionally joined byGeoffrey Hendricks . It was there that they planned theYam Festival . While the festival was originally supposed to take place in Princeton at the suggestion ofBob Whitman , it ended up taking place at Segal's farm, on the Rutgers campuses, and inNew York City .Yam Festival was a year long festival that took place between 1962 – 1963. Yam is May backwards. Happenings included Yam Lecture, Yam Hat Sale, Water Day, Clock Day, Box Day and Yam Day. The Yam Festival Delivery Event was an early
mail art piece.Orgies Mysteries Theater
In 1970,
Hermann Nitsch performed hisOrgies Mysteries Theater at the round house on College Farm Road on theCook College campus. A lamb was killed, skinned, disemboweled, and hung on a wall.Other happenings
In 1968,
Dick Higgins shot sheets of orchestral paper with a machine gun to create ‘’One Thousand Symphonies’’, which was later performed byPhilip Corner .Geoffrey Hendricks performed ‘’The Sky is the Limit’’ in the Voorhees Chapel in 1969.
A 1970 Flux Fest at Douglass featured soccer played on stilts, a javelin event with a balloon replacing the javelin, and table tennis with holes in the center of the paddles or tin cans glued to the paddle.
Today
Watts taught at Rutgers for 31 years. Geoffrey Hendricks retired in 2003, after nearly 50 years at Rutgers.
In 1999, Joan Marter published ‘’Off Limits: Rutgers University and the Avant-Garde, 1957-1963’’, which featured an exhibit of the same name at the
Newark Museum . It won the International Association of Art Critics award for “Best Exhibition in a Museum Outside New York City.”In 2003, the art galleries at
Mason Gross held ‘’Critical Mass: Happenings, Fluxus, Performance, Intermedia and Rutgers University, 1958-1972’’ to coincide with the release of a book by the same name by Geoffrey Hendricks. It featured artifacts from performances by Rutgers-affiliated Fluxus artists. The Flux Mass was re-staged that year on November 1st (in the same chapel as the original Flux Mass) as part of a series of performances to accompany the exhibition. The mass was also re-created atAmherst College .elected bibliography
* Marter, Joan. "Off Limits: Rutgers University and the Avant-Garde, 1957-1963". Newark, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999.
* Hendricks, Geoffrey. ed. "Critical Mass: happenings, Fluxus, performance, intermedia, and Rutgers University, 1958-1972". New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2003.
* Hendricks, John. ed. "Fluxus Codex". Detroit, Mich. : Gilbert and Lila Silverman Fluxus Collection, 1998.
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