1870s

1870s

Events and Trends

Technology

* The invention of the prototype telephone by Alexander G. Bell
* The light bulb was invented.
* The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.

cience

* Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy

War, peace and politics

*Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
* The Anglo-Zulu War lasts from 11 January 1879 - 4 July 1879.
* Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism
* Bulgaria and Romania declare independence following war against the Ottoman Empire
* Passive resistance is used to prevent the confiscation of Māori land at Parihaka in New Zealand
* Emergence of German Empire and Alliance System

Literature and Arts

* Jules Verne (France) publishes Around The World in Eighty Days
* In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877

* Jeanne Calment, born 1875, would eventually become the longest-living human being in recorded history. She lived until 1997, at the age of 122. She still holds the record as of 2008.

* Atlas Bear goes extinct.

World Leaders

* Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
* Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
* Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
* Tongzhi Emperor (China)
* Guangxu Emperor (China)
* Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
* Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
* King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
* King Umberto I (Italy)
* Emperor Meiji (Japan)
* Pope Pius IX
* Pope Leo XIII
* Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
* King Alfonso XII (Spain)
* Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
* President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
* President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
* Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)


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