Hippocamp

The hippocamp or hippocampus (plural: hippocampi; Greek: ἵπποκαμπος, from ἵππος, "horse" and κάμπος , "monster" [Compare the nameless monster Kampe] ), often called a sea-horse [The hyphen distinguishes from the seahorse, a real fish.] in English, is a mythological creature shared by Phoenician [Coins minted at Tyre show the patron god Melqart riding on a winged hippocamp: see the fourth century BCE [http://www.antiquities.org.il/hoards_eng.asp Yizre'el Valley silver hoard] .] and Greek mythology, though the name by which it is recognized is purely Greek; it became part of Etruscan mythology. It has typically been depicted as a horse in its forepart with a coiling, scaly, fishlike hindquarter.

Mythology

Homer described Poseidon, who was god of horses ("Poseidon Hippios") as well as of the sea, drawn by "brazen-hoofed" horses over the sea's surface, and Apollonius of Rhodes, being consciously archaic in "Argonautica" (iv.1353ff), describes the horse of Poseidon emerging from the sea and galloping away across the Libyan sands. [Compare the specifically "two-hoofed" hippocamps of Valerius Flaccus in his "Argonautica": "Orion when grasping his father’s reins he heaves the sea with the snorting of his two-hooved horses." (Valerius Flaccus, "Argonautica" 2.507).] In Hellenistic and Roman imagery, however, Poseidon (or Roman Neptune) often drives a sea-chariot drawn by hippocamps. Thus hippocamps sport with this god in both ancient depictions and much more modern ones, such as in the waters of the eighteenth-century Trevi Fountain in Rome surveyed by Neptune from his niche above. ("illustration, left below")The appearance of hippocamps in both freshwater and saltwater is counter-intuitive to a modern audience, though not to an ancient one. The Greek picture of the natural hydrological cycle did not take account of the condensation of atmospheric water as rain to replenish the water table, but imagined the refreshening of the waters of the sea oozing back landwards through vast underground caverns and aquifers, rising replenished and freshened in springs. [This made credible the mythic undersea passage of the fountain nymph Arethusa from Greece to Sicily. The summary given of the ancients' view of the hydrological cycle is taken from the Roman Epicurean Lucretius' "De rerum natura" (vi.631-38).]

Thus it was natural for a temple at Helike in the coastal plain of Achaea to be dedicated to "Poseidon Helikonios", (the Poseidon of Helicon), the sacred spring of Boeotian Helikon. [Strabo: "The sea was raised by an earthquake and it submerged Helike and also the temple of Poseidon Helikonios..." ("Geography" 8.7.2).] When an earthquake suddenly submerged the city, the temple's bronze Poseidon accompanied by hippocamps continued to snag fishermen's nets. [According to Eratosthenes, noted by Strabo ("loc. cit.").]

Likewise, the hippocamp was considered an appropriate decoration for mosaics in Roman thermae or public baths, as at Aquae Sulis modern day Bath in Britannia ("illustration, below").

Poseidon's horses, which were included in the elaborate sculptural program of gilt-bronze and ivory, added by a Roman client to the temple of Poseidon at Corinth, are likely to have been hippocamps; the Romanized Greek Pausanias described the rich ensemble in the later second century CE ("Geography of Greece" ii.1.7-.8)::"Within the sanctuary of the god stand on the one side portrait statues of athletes who have won victories at the Isthmian games, on the other side pine trees growing in a row, the greater number of them rising up straight. On the temple, which is not very large, stand bronze Tritons. In the fore-temple are images, two of Poseidon, a third of Amphitrite, and a Sea, which also is of bronze. The offerings inside were dedicated in our time by Herodes Atticus, four horses, gilded except for the hoofs, which are of ivory, and two gold Tritons beside the horses, with the parts below the waist of ivory. On the car stand Amphitrite and Poseidon, and there is the boy Palaemon upright upon a dolphin. These too are made of ivory and gold. On the middle of the base on which the car is has been wrought a Sea holding up the young Aphrodite, and on either side are the nymphs called Nereids.

Hippocamps appear with the first Orientalizing phase of Etruscan civilization: they remain a theme in Etruscan tomb wall-paintings and reliefs, where they are sometimes provided with wings, as they are in the Trevi fountain. Katharine Shepard found in the theme an Etruscan belief in a sea-voyage to the other world [Her self-published thesis "The Fish-Tailed Monster in Greek and Etruscan Art", 1940, pp 25ff discusses hippocamps; the thesis was, exceptionally, reviewed (by G.W. Elderkin) in "American Journal of Archaeology" 45.2 (April 1941), pp. 307-308: available on-line through JSTOR. Etruscan sea creatures, including a range of hippocamps, are set in cultural context and ordered by typology in Monika Boosen, "Etruskische Meeresmischwesen: Untersuchungen zur Typologie u. Bedeutung" ("Archaeologica" 59) (Rome:Bretschneider) 1986.]

Aside from "aigikampoi", the fish-tailed goats representing Capricorn or Aegeus ("goat-man") [Canonical figures, most of which were not themselves cult images, and coins of the Carian goddess associated with Aphrodite as the "Aphrodite of Aphrodisias" through "interpretatio graeca", show the goddess riding on a sea-goat. Imhoof-Blümer, "Kleinasiatische Müntzen" plate IV, no 14, noted in Elderkin 1941:3o7; Lisa R. Brody, under the direction of Christopher Ratté, [http://www.geocities.com/lisa_brody/diss.htm "The Iconography and Cult of the Aphrodite of Aphrodisias"] ] other fish-tailed animals rarely appearing in Greek art but more characteristic of the Etruscans included "leokampoi" (fish-tailed lions), "taurokampoi" (fish-tailed bulls) or "pardalokampoi" (fish-tailed leopards). [ [http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Hippokampoi.html"Ippokampoi"] at Theoi Project; see also Booson 1986.]

The mythic hippocamp has been used as a heraldic charge, particularly since the Renaissance, most often in the armorial bearings of people and places with maritime associations. However, in a blazon, the terms "hippocamp" and "hippocampus" now refer to the real animal called a "seahorse", and the terms "seahorse" and "sea-horse" refer to the mythological creature. The above-mentioned fish hybrids are seen less frequently. [Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles. "Complete Guide to Heraldry", 1978 edition.]

Modern fantasy

In modern fantasy, this creature is a part of various milieus, including the stories of Harry Potter and the many fictional worlds of Dungeons & Dragons. In both these examples, the Latin "hippocampus" is the form of the name which is used. [ [http://gothlupin.tripod.com/h.html Hippocampus] Harry Potter's Grimoire] [http://www.planetadnd.com/interactive_books/mm00159.php Dungeons and Dragons reference] PlanetADND.com]

The Dungeons & Dragons context provides the following specific description:

The hippocampus is the most prized of the marine steeds, a creature that combines features of a horse and a fish. The hippocampus has the head, forelegs, and torso of a horse. The equine section is covered with short hair. The mane is made of long, flexible fins. The front hooves are replaced by webbed fins that fold up as the leg moves forward, then fan out as the leg strokes back. Past the rib cage the body becomes fish-like. The tail tapers 14 feet into a wide horizontal fin. A dorsal fin is located on the rump. Coloration is that of seawater. Typical colors include ivory, pale green, pale blue, aqua, deep blue, and deep green."

The videogame Age of Mythology also uses the Hippocamp as a player controlled unit used for the exploration of the sea, available only to players who chose to worship Poseidon.

Notes

References

*Classical references: Homer, "Iliad" xlii. 24, 29; Euripides, "Andromache" 1012; Virgil "Georgics" iv. 389; Philostratus "Imagines" i. 8; Statius "Thebaid" ii. 45 and "Achilleid" 1.25.
*Smith

External links

* [http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Hippokampoi.html Theoi Project - Hippokampoi]
* [http://www.about-turkey.com/karun/ A gold fibula, part of the "Lydian treasures" found in the former Lydian kingdom, made in the second half of the sixth century BCE] .