Grünfeld Defence

Grünfeld Defence
Grünfeld Defence
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
8  black rook  black knight  black bishop  black queen  black king  black bishop  __  black rook 8
7  black pawn  black pawn  black pawn  __  black pawn  black pawn  __  black pawn 7
6  __  __  __  __  __  black knight  black pawn  __ 6
5  __  __  __  black pawn  __  __  __  __ 5
4  __  __  white pawn  white pawn  __  __  __  __ 4
3  __  __  white knight  __  __  __  __  __ 3
2  white pawn  white pawn  __  __  white pawn  white pawn  white pawn  white pawn 2
1  white rook  __  white bishop  white queen  white king  white bishop  white knight  white rook 1
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
Moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5
ECO D70–D99
Origin Bad Pistyan, Piešťany, 1922
Named after Ernst Grünfeld
Parent Indian Defence
Chessgames.com opening explorer

The Grünfeld Defence (ECO codes D70-D99) is a chess opening characterised by the moves:

1. d4 Nf6
2. c4 g6
3. Nc3 d5

The opening relies on one of the main principles of the hypermodern school, which was coming to the fore in the 1920s — that a large pawn centre could be a liability rather than an asset.

Contents


History

The first instance of this opening is in an 1855 game by Moheschunder Bannerjee, an Indian player who had transitioned from Indian chess rules, playing black against John Cochrane in Calcutta, in May 1855: 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5 4.e3 Bg7 5.Nf3 0-0 6.cxd5 Nxd5 7.Be2 Nxc3 8.bxc3 c5 9.0-0 cxd4 10.cxd4 Nc6 11.Bb2 Bg4 12.Rc1 Rc8 13.Ba3 Qa5 14.Qb3 Rfe8 15.Rc5 Qb6 16.Rb5 Qd8 17.Ng5 Bxe2 18.Nxf7 Na5 and White mates in three (19.Nh6+ double check Kh8 20.Qg8+ Rxg8 21.Nf7#).[1][2] Cochrane published a book reporting his games with Moheshchunder and other Indians in 1864.

It gained popularity however, after Ernst Grünfeld introduced it into international play at Vienna 1922, where, in his first game with the defense, he defeated future world champion Alexander Alekhine.[3] Interestingly, Grünfeld usually employed a very classical style. The defence was later adopted by a number of prominent players, including Vasily Smyslov, Viktor Korchnoi, Leonid Stein, and Bobby Fischer. Garry Kasparov often used the defence, including in his World Championship matches against Anatoly Karpov in 1986, 1987 and 1990, and Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Currently active notable players who employ the opening include Loek Van Wely, Peter Svidler, Peter Leko, Vishwanathan Anand, Luke McShane and Gata Kamsky[4] Anand employed it twice in the World Chess Championship 2010.

The Game of the Century between Donald Byrne and 13-year old Bobby Fischer on October 17, 1956, featured this opening, although arriving in the Grünfeld via a transposition of moves (using 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 Bg7 4.d4 O-O 5.Bf4 d5).

Exchange Variation

Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
8 a8 black rook b8 black knight c8 black bishop d8 black queen e8 black king f8 black bishop g8 __ h8 black rook 8
7 a7 black pawn b7 black pawn c7 black pawn d7 __ e7 black pawn f7 black pawn g7 __ h7 black pawn 7
6 a6 __ b6 __ c6 __ d6 __ e6 __ f6 __ g6 black pawn h6 __ 6
5 a5 __ b5 __ c5 __ d5 black knight e5 __ f5 __ g5 __ h5 __ 5
4 a4 __ b4 __ c4 __ d4 white pawn e4 white pawn f4 __ g4 __ h4 __ 4
3 a3 __ b3 __ c3 white knight d3 __ e3 __ f3 __ g3 __ h3 __ 3
2 a2 white pawn b2 white pawn c2 __ d2 __ e2 __ f2 white pawn g2 white pawn h2 white pawn 2
1 a1 white rook b1 __ c1 white bishop d1 white queen e1 white king f1 white bishop g1 white knight h1 white rook 1
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
Grünfeld, Exchange Variation

The main line of the Grünfeld, the Exchange Variation (ECO codes D85-D89), is defined by the continuation 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.e4. Now White has an imposing looking centre - and the main continuation 5...Nxc3 6.bxc3 strengthens it still further. Black generally attacks White's centre with ...c5 and ...Bg7, often followed by moves such as ...cxd4, ...Bg4, and ...Nc6. White often uses his big centre to launch an attack against Black's king. One subvariation, frequently played by Karpov, including four games of his 1987 world championship match against Kasparov in Seville, Spain, is the Seville Variation, after 6....Bg7 7.Bc4 c5 8.Ne2 Nc6 9.Be3 O-O 10.O-O Bg4 11.f3 Na5 12.Bxf7+, long thought a poor move by theory, as the resultant light-square weakness had been believed to give Black more than enough compensation for the pawn.

White can develop his pieces in a number of ways in the Exchange Variation. For decades, theory held that the correct method of development was with Bc4 and Ne2, often followed by 0-0 and f4-f5, playing for a central breakthrough or kingside attack. It was generally thought that an early Nf3 was weak in the Exchange Variation because it allowed Black too much pressure on the centre with ...Bg4. In the late 1970s, however, Karpov, Kasparov and others found different methods to play the Exchange Variation with White, often involving an early Rb1 to remove the rook from the sensitive a1-h8 diagonal, as well as attempting to hinder the development of Black's queenside. Another, relatively recently developed system involves quickly playing Be3, Qd2, and Rc1 or Rd1 to fortify White's centre, remove White's rook from the diagonal, and possibly enable an early d5 push by White.

Vladimir Kramnik and Boris Gelfand are the leading practitioners as White and Ľubomír Ftáčnik has had many fine results with the Black pieces.[4]

Lines with 4.Bf4 and the Grünfeld Gambit

Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
8 a8 black rook b8 black knight c8 black bishop d8 black queen e8 black king f8 black bishop g8 __ h8 black rook 8
7 a7 black pawn b7 black pawn c7 black pawn d7 __ e7 black pawn f7 black pawn g7 __ h7 black pawn 7
6 a6 __ b6 __ c6 __ d6 __ e6 __ f6 black knight g6 black pawn h6 __ 6
5 a5 __ b5 __ c5 __ d5 black pawn e5 __ f5 __ g5 __ h5 __ 5
4 a4 __ b4 __ c4 white pawn d4 white pawn e4 __ f4 white bishop g4 __ h4 __ 4
3 a3 __ b3 __ c3 white knight d3 __ e3 __ f3 __ g3 __ h3 __ 3
2 a2 white pawn b2 white pawn c2 __ d2 __ e2 white pawn f2 white pawn g2 white pawn h2 white pawn 2
1 a1 white rook b1 __ c1 __ d1 white queen e1 white king f1 white bishop g1 white knight h1 white rook 1
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
Grünfeld 4.Bf4

For players who do not wish to take on the complexities of the Exchange Variation, the move 4.Bf4 is generally considered a safer continuation for White.[5] White opts for the initiative on the queenside with a smaller pawn center. In the main line (D82), play proceeds with 4...Bg7 5.e3 c5 6.dxc5 Qa5, with White's choices at his seventh move being cxd5, Qb3, Qa4, or Rc1. Despite its reputation, in statistical databases this variation shows only a slightly higher percentage of White wins and draws, as opposed to the Exchange variation.[6][7] The variation is not often met in top-flight play today, its usage having declined significantly since its heyday in the 1930s.[citation needed]

Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
8 a8 black rook b8 black knight c8 black bishop d8 black queen e8 __ f8 black rook g8 black king h8 __ 8
7 a7 black pawn b7 black pawn c7 black pawn d7 __ e7 black pawn f7 black pawn g7 black bishop h7 black pawn 7
6 a6 __ b6 __ c6 __ d6 __ e6 __ f6 black knight g6 black pawn h6 __ 6
5 a5 __ b5 __ c5 __ d5 black pawn e5 __ f5 __ g5 __ h5 __ 5
4 a4 __ b4 __ c4 white pawn d4 white pawn e4 __ f4 white bishop g4 __ h4 __ 4
3 a3 __ b3 __ c3 white knight d3 __ e3 white pawn f3 __ g3 __ h3 __ 3
2 a2 white pawn b2 white pawn c2 __ d2 __ e2 __ f2 white pawn g2 white pawn h2 white pawn 2
1 a1 white rook b1 __ c1 __ d1 white queen e1 white king f1 white bishop g1 white knight h1 white rook 1
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
Grünfeld Gambit

In this variation, play may also continue (4. Bf4 Bg7 5.e3 O-O), which is known as the Grünfeld Gambit (ECO code D83). White can accept the gambit by playing 6.cxd5 Nxd5 7.Nxd5 Qxd5 8.Bxc7, or decline it with 6. Qb3 or 6. Rc1, to which Black responds with 6...c5.

The Neo-Grünfeld Defence

Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
8 a8 black rook b8 black knight c8 black bishop d8 black queen e8 black king f8 black bishop g8 __ h8 black rook 8
7 a7 black pawn b7 black pawn c7 black pawn d7 __ e7 black pawn f7 black pawn g7 __ h7 black pawn 7
6 a6 __ b6 __ c6 __ d6 __ e6 __ f6 black knight g6 black pawn h6 __ 6
5 a5 __ b5 __ c5 __ d5 black pawn e5 __ f5 __ g5 __ h5 __ 5
4 a4 __ b4 __ c4 white pawn d4 white pawn e4 __ f4 __ g4 __ h4 __ 4
3 a3 __ b3 __ c3 __ d3 __ e3 __ f3 __ g3 white pawn h3 __ 3
2 a2 white pawn b2 white pawn c2 __ d2 __ e2 white pawn f2 white pawn g2 __ h2 white pawn 2
1 a1 white rook b1 white knight c1 white bishop d1 white queen e1 white king f1 white bishop g1 white knight h1 white rook 1
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
Neo-Grünfeld Defence

Systems in which White delays the development of his queen's knight to c3 are known as the Neo-Grünfeld Defence (ECO code D70-D79); typical move orders are 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.f3 d5 or, more commonly, 1. d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3. g3 d5 (the latter is known as the Kemeri Variation, shown in the diagram).

Russian System: 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qb3

Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
8 a8 black rook b8 black knight c8 black bishop d8 black queen e8 black king f8 __ g8 __ h8 black rook 8
7 a7 black pawn b7 black pawn c7 black pawn d7 __ e7 black pawn f7 black pawn g7 black bishop h7 black pawn 7
6 a6 __ b6 __ c6 __ d6 __ e6 __ f6 black knight g6 black pawn h6 __ 6
5 a5 __ b5 __ c5 __ d5 black pawn e5 __ f5 __ g5 __ h5 __ 5
4 a4 __ b4 __ c4 white pawn d4 white pawn e4 __ f4 __ g4 __ h4 __ 4
3 a3 __ b3 white queen c3 white knight d3 __ e3 __ f3 white knight g3 __ h3 __ 3
2 a2 white pawn b2 white pawn c2 __ d2 __ e2 white pawn f2 white pawn g2 white pawn h2 white pawn 2
1 a1 white rook b1 __ c1 white bishop d1 __ e1 white king f1 white bishop g1 __ h1 white rook 1
Solid white.svg a b c d e f g h Solid white.svg
Russian System 5.Qb3

In bringing more pressure to bear against Black's central outpost on d5, White practically forces ....dxc4, thus gaining a central preponderance; however, in return, his queen will often be exposed as Black's queenside play unfolds in the middlegame. After 5....dxc4 6.Qxc4 0-0 7.e4, Black has several primary options to hand: the Hungarian Variation 7....a6, championed by Peter Leko, 7....Bg4 8.Be3 Nfd7 (Smyslov Variation), a topical line from the 1950s through the mid 1970s, 7....Na6 (Lodewijk Prins') idea, 7....Nc6 and 7....c6.

Taimanov's Variation With 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Bg5

In this line, favoured by Yasser Seirawan, after the nearly universal 5....Ne4, White may play 6.Bh4 Nxc3 7.bxc3 or 6.cxd5, with Black then opting for either 6....Nxc3 7.bxc3 Qxd5 or 6....Nxg5 7.Nxg5 e6, though in the latter case, 7....c6 is sometimes tried. After 6.cxd5 Nxg5 7.Nxg5 e6, White has 8.Qd2 exd5 9.Qe3+, with attacking chances, or the more usual 8.Nf3 exd5 (though the interpolation 8....h6 9.Nf3 exd5 is a significant alternative), after which play generally proceeds on lines analogous to the Queen's Gambit Declined, Exchange Variation, with a queenside minority attack by White (b2-b4-b5xc6), as Black aims for his traditional kingside play with ....f7-f5-f4 and, in this case, ....g6-g5.

Other variations

Apart from the above, among the more popular continuations are:

  • 4.Bg5 (the Taimanov Variation, ECO code D80)
  • 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.Qa4+ (the Flohr Variation, ECO code D90)
  • 4.Nf3 Bg7 5.e3 (the Quiet System or Slow System, ECO code D94)
  • 4.cxd5 Nxd5 5.Na4 (the Nadanian Variation, ECO code D85)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Edward Winter, Kings, Commoners and Knaves: Further Chess Explorations, Russell Enterprises, Inc., 1999, p. 141. ISBN 1888690-04-6.
  2. ^ Cochrane-Moheschunder
  3. ^ William Hartston, The Grünfeld Defence, Chess Digest, 1971, p. 125.
  4. ^ a b "Chessgames.com - Searchable database". http://www.chessgames.com. Retrieved 2007-04-30. 
  5. ^ De Firmian, Nick (1999). Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14. Random House Puzzles & Games. ISBN 0-8129-3084-3. 
  6. ^ "Chessgames - Exchange variation". http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessopening?eco=d85. Retrieved 2007-04-30. 
  7. ^ "Chessgames - 4.Bf4". http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessopening?eco=d82. Retrieved 2007-04-30. 

Further reading

  • András Adorján; Jeno Dory, Winning With the Grunfeld (Macmillan, 1987)
  • Alexey Suetin, The Complete Grünfeld (Batsford, 1991)
  • Anatoly Karpov, Beating the Grünfeld (Batsford, 1992)
  • Jonathan Rowson, Understanding the Grünfeld (Gambit, 1998)
  • Jacob Aagaard, Starting Out: The Grunfeld (Everyman Chess, 2000)
  • Nigel Davies, The Grünfeld Defence (Everyman Chess, 2002)
  • Bogdan Lalić, The Grunfeld for the Attacking Player (Batsford, 2002)
  • Michael Khodarkovsky, The Grünfeld Defence Revealed (Batsford, 2003)
  • Dearing, Edward (2005). Challenging the Grunfeld. Quality Chess. ISBN 9789197524346. 
  • Konstantin Sakaev, An Expert's Guide to the 7.Bc4 Gruenfeld (Chess Stars, 2006)
  • Yelena Dembo, Play the Grünfeld (Everyman Chess, 2007)
  • Komarov, Dmitry; Djuric, Stefan; Pantaleoni, Claudio (2009). Chess Opening Essentials, Vol. 3: Indian Defences. New In Chess. ISBN 978-90-5691-270-3. 
  • Delchev, Aleksander; Agrest, Evgenij (2011). The Safest Grünfeld. Chess Stars. ISBN 978-954-8782-81-4. 

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