Melanitis leda

Melanitis leda
Wet-season form
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Melanitis
Species:	M. leda
Binomial name
Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Melanitis ismene

Melanitis leda, the Common Evening Brown, is a common species of butterfly found flying at dusk. The flight of this species is erratic. They are found in Africa, South Asia and South-east Asia extending to parts of Australia.

Description

See glossary for terms used

Upperside pattern

Wet-season form: Fore wing: apex subacute; termen slightly angulated just below apex, or straight. Upperside brown. Fore wing with two large subapical black spots, each with a smaller spot outwardly of pure white inwardly bordered by a ferruginous interrupted lunule; costal margin narrowly pale. Hind wing with a dark, white-centred, fulvous-ringed ocellus subterminally in interspace 2, and the apical ocellus, sometimes also others of the ocelli,on the underside, showing through.

Underside paler, densely covered with transverse dark brown striae ; a discal curved dark brown narrow band on fore wing; a post-discal similar oblique band, followed by a series of ocelli: four on the fore wing, that in interspace 8 the largest; six on the hind wing, the apical and subtornal the largest.^[1]

Dry-season form: Fore wing : apex obtuse and more or less falcate; termen posterior to falcation straight or sinuous. Upperside: ground-colour similar to that in the wet-season form, the markings, especially the ferruginous lunules inwardly bordering the black sub-apical spots on fore wing, larger, more extended below and above the black costa. Hind wing : the ocellus in interspace 2 absent, posteriorly replaced by three or four minute white subterminal spots.

Dry-season form

Underside varies in colour greatly. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen in both seasonal forms brown or greyish brown: the antennae annulated with white, ochraceous at apex.^[1]

Ecology

Colonel C. T. Bingham wrote of the genus in 1878:^{[citation needed]}

The Melanitis was there among dead leaves, its wings folded and looking for all the world a dead, dry leaf itself. With regard to Melanitis, I have not seen it recorded anywhere that the species of this genus when disturbed fly a little way, drop suddenly into the undergrowth with closed wings, and invariably lie a little askew and slanting, which still more increases their likeness to a dead leaf casually fallen to the ground.

Resident butterflies are known to fight off visitors to the area during dusk hours.^[2] This chase behaviour is elicited even by pebbles thrown nearby.^[3]

The caterpillars feed on a wide variety of grasses including rice (Oryza sativa), bamboos, Andropogon, Rotboellia cochinchinensis,^[4] Brachiaria mutica,^[4] Cynodon, Imperata, and millets such as Oplismenus compositus,^[5] Panicum and Eleusine indica.^[6]

Adults feed mainly on nectar, and in rare cases visit rotting fruits.^[7]

References

External identifiers for Melanitis leda
EOL	140106
NCBI	127353

1. ^ ^{a b} C. T. Bingham (1905). Lepidoptera, Volume 1. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. http://www.archive.org/details/TheFunaOfBritishIndiaButterfliesVolI. 
2. ^ D. J. Kermp (2003). "Twilight fighting in the evening brown butterfly, Melanitis leda (L.) (Nymphalidae): residency and age effects". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1007/s00265-003-0602-7. 
3. ^ D. J. Kemp (2002). "Visual mate searching behaviour in the evening brown butterfly, Melanitis leda (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" (PDF). Australian Journal of Entomology 41 (4): 300–305. doi:10.1046/j.1440-6055.2002.00311.x. http://www.public.asu.edu/~atrlr/pdfs/Kemp,%20DJ%20(2002)AJE.pdf. 
4. ^ ^{a b} S. Kalesh & S. K. Prakash (2007). "Additions ot the larval host plants of butterflies of the Western Ghats, Kerala, Southern India (Rhopalocera, Lepidoptera): Part 1". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 104 (2): 235–238. 
5. ^ Krushnamegh Kunte (2006). "Additions to known larval host plants of Indian butterflies" (PDF). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 103 (1): 119–120. http://www.bio.utexas.edu/grad/krushnamegh/Moorings/KunteHostPlantAdditions06.pdf. 
6. ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni & Luis M. Hernández (2007). "HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants". http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/hostplants/. Retrieved September 27, 2010. 
7. ^ K. C. Hamer, J. K. Hill, S. Benedick, N. Mustaffa, V. K. Chey & M. Maryati (2006). "Diversity and ecology of carrion- and fruit-feeding butterflies in Bornean rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 22 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1017/S0266467405002750.