Spotted Towhee

Spotted Towhee

Taxobox
name = Spotted Towhee
status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1


image_width = 220px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Passeriformes
familia = Emberizidae
genus = "Pipilo"
species = "P. maculatus"
binomial = "Pipilo maculatus"
binomial_authority = Swainson, 1827

The Spotted Towhee ("Pipilo maculatus") is a large sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the Eastern Towhee were considered a single species, the Rufous-sided Towhee.

The form that breeds on Socorro Island is much smaller than other rufous-sided towhees, and has grey upperparts. It is sometimes split as the Socorro Towhee, "Pipilo socorroensis"

Appearance

Adults have rufous sides, a white belly and a long dark tail with white edges. The eyes are red. They have white spots on their back and white wing bars. Males have a dark head, upper body and tail; these parts are brown or grey in the female.

Behavior

Northwestern birds migrate eastwards to the central plains of the United States, mostly the northwestern-central Great Plains. In other areas, some birds may move to lower elevations in winter.

Their breeding habitat is chaparral, thickets or shrubby areas across western North America. This bird interbreeds with the Collared Towhee where their ranges overlap in southwestern Mexico.

They nest either on the ground or low in bushes, seldom more than 1.5 m above the ground. The female builds the nest over a period of about 5 days. It is bulky and sturdily made of leaves, strips of bark, twigs, forb stalks, and grasses, lined with pine needles, shredded bark, grasses, and sometimes hairs.

At least two broods, consisting of up to 5 eggs, are laid per season. The egg shells are greyish or creamy-white, sometimes with a tinge of green, with reddish brown spots that can form a wreath or cap. The female incubates the eggs alone for 12 to 13 days; the young leave the nest at 10 to 12 days. Nests are parasitized by cowbirds.

These birds forage on the ground or in low vegetation, with a habit of noisily rummaging through dry leaves searching for food. They mainly eat insects, acorns, seeds and berries.

The call may be harsher and more varied than for the Eastern Towhee.

References

* Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

External links

* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Spotted_Towhee.html Spotted Towhee Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i5880id.html Spotted Towhee "Pipilo maculatus"] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.sdakotabirds.com/species/spotted_towhee_info.htm Spotted Towhee Information] - South Dakota Birds and Birding
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=9564 Spotted Towhee videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=spotted+towhee&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Spotted Towhee photo gallery] VIREO
* [http://www.audubonathome.org/birdstohelp/pdf/Spotted_Towhee.pdf How to Help Spotted Towhees] - National Audubon Society


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