- Simple module
In
abstract algebra , a (left or right) module "S" over a ring "R" is called simple or irreducible if it is not thezero module 0 and if its onlysubmodule s are 0 and "S". Understanding the simple modules over a ring is usually helpful because these modules form the "building blocks" of all other modules in a certain sense.Examples
Abelian group s are the same as Z-modules. The simple Z-modules are precisely thecyclic group s of prime order.If "K" is a field and "G" is a group, then a
group representation of "G" is aleft module over thegroup ring "KG". The simple "KG" modules are also known as irreducible representations. A major aim ofrepresentation theory is to list those irreducible representations for a given group.Given a ring "R" and a
left ideal "I" in "R" then "I" is a simple "R"-module if and only if "I" is a minimal left ideal in "R" (does not contain any other non trivial left ideals). Thefactor module "R"/"I" is a simple "R"-moduleif and only if "I" is a maximal left ideal in "R" (is not contained in any other non-trivial left ideals).Properties
The simple modules are precisely the modules of length 1; this is a reformulation of the definition.
Every simple module is indecomposable, but the converse is in general not true.
Every simple module is cyclic, that is it is generated by one element
Not every module has a simple submodule; consider for instance the Z-module Z in light of the first example above.
If "S" is a simple module and "f" : "S" → "T" is a
module homomorphism , then "f" is either the zero homomorphism orinjective . This is because the kernel of "f" is a submodule of "S" and thus is, by the definition of a simple module, either 0 or "S". If "T" is also a simple module, then "f" is either zero or anisomorphism . This is because the image of "f" is a submodule of "T" and thus is either 0 or "T". Taken together, this implies that theendomorphism ring of any simple module is adivision ring . This result is known asSchur's lemma .The converse of Schur's lemma is not true in general. For example, the Z-module Q is not simple, but its endomorphism ring is isomorphic to the field Q.
See also
*
Semisimple module s are modules that can be written as a sum of simple submodules
*Simple group s are similarly defined to simple modules
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.