League of God's House

Infobox Former Country
native_name = "Gotteshausbund" (de)
_it. Lega Caddea
_rm. Lia da la Chadé)
conventional_long_name = League of God's House
common_name = League of God's House|
continent = Europe
region = Alps
country = Switzerland
era = Middle Ages
status = Confederation
status_text = Associate of the Old Swiss Confederacy
government_type = Republic|
year_start = 1367
year_end = 1799|
event_start = League of God's House founded
date_start = 1367
event1 = Standing council formed
date_event1 = 1409
event2 = Closer ties to Three
Leagues and "de facto"
independence (HRE)
date_event2 =

late 15th century
event3 = "Ilanzer Article" removes Bishops
political power
date_event3 =
1524 to 1526
event4 = "Bundesbrief" constitution
for the Three Leagues
date_event4 =
September 23 1524
event_end = Annexed to the
Helvetic Republic
date_end =
April 21 1799|
p1 = Chur
image_p1 =
p2 = Domleschg
image_p2 =
p3 = Schams
image_p3 =
p4 = Oberhalbstein
image_p4 =
p5 = Oberengadin
image_p5 =
p6 = Unterengadin
image_p6 =
p7 = Bergell
image_p7 =
p8 = Poschiavo
image_p8 =
p9 = Fünf Dörfer
image_p9 =
s1 = Canton of Raetia
flag_s1 = Republiquehelv.svg|

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flag_size = 85px
flag_type = Coat of arms of the League of God's House
image_map_caption = The League of God's House in green within the Three Leagues. The Grey League is shown in shades of brown, the League of the Ten Jurisdictions is shown in orange and subject territories, subsequently lost, in grey.|
capital = Chur|
footnotes =

The League of God's House (German: "Gotteshausbund", Italian: "Lega Caddea", Romansh: "Lia da la Chadé") was formed in what is now Switzerland on January 29, 1367 to resist the rising power of the Bishopric of Chur and the House of Habsburg. The League allied with the Grey League and the League of the Ten Jurisdictions in 1471 to form the Three Leagues. The League of God's House, together with the two other Leagues, was allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy throughout the 15^th and 16^th Centuries. After the Napoleonic wars the League of God's House became a part of the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

Before the League

The region that would become the League of God's house has always been heavily influenced by the Diocese of Chur. The Bishop of Chur is first mentioned in 451 when its Bishop St. Asimo attended the Synod of Milan (Mansi, IV, 141), but probably existed a century earlier. During the 5^th and 6^th Centuries there is evidence of an extensive Romanisation and conversion to Christianity in the region around Chur [HDS|11403-1-1|Chur (Diocese, Prince-Bishopric)] . In 536 the region was conquered by the Merovingian Kingdom, but due to distance and isolation it quickly fell back into "De facto" independence. During this time the region was known as "Churrätien" or "Churwalchen" and occupied politically virtually the same territory that the Bishopric of Chur spiritually led. In 773 the political and spiritual power in the region was consolidated into a single family. However this situation only lasted until 806 when Charlemagne split the political and spiritual power into two. This split and the resulting conflicts let to the collapse of "Churrätien" and the creation of numerous small independent communities, with the power center of Chur in the middle. For centuries after the split, the Bishops of Chur wished to expand their power both politically and spiritually [HDS|8094|Churrätien] .

Foundation of the League

In the 14th century the core communities of the Bishopric of Chur lay along the north-south road on the Septimer-Julier route. The bishop ruled the region around Chur and had the right of high judgement in the Fünf Dörfer, Chur, Oberhalbstein, Oberengadin, Bergell, Schams, Rheinwald, Unterengadin and Vinschgau.

After 1363 relationships between the bishop of Chur and his subjects worsened. Austrian dukes from the House of Habsburg had acquired the County of Tyrol which included Münstertal and Unterengadin and were trying to expand into the Bishopric of Chur. The foreign and frequently absent bishop Peter Gelyto von Böhmen, who had driven the bishopric deep into debt, was willing to sell the political leadership of the area in exchange for a yearly salary. As a first step, in 1366 he rented out the Fürstenburg fortress at Burgeis in the Vinschgau. In response to this development representatives from the cathedral church of St. Luzius, the valley communities and the city of Chur met in 1365 in Zernez. On January 29, 1367 they met again in Chur, with revolution in mind.

The meeting represented the three sources of power in the area: first, the spiritual community, represented by personnel from the bishop's cathedral; second, representatives of the large valley communities (six representatives each from Domleschg, Schams, and Bergell; four from Oberhalbstein; three from Oberengadin; and two from Unterengadin); and third, representatives of the citizens of Chur. The group met without the bishop and voted to limit his power sharply and to demand authority over financial matters.

The decision of 1367 was not a formal federation or alliance, but represented a desire to stick together in a crisis. However the decision included a desire to hold future assemblies and to closely monitor the power of the bishop. These future meetings set the stage for closer alliances between the individual communities. In 1409 they established a standing council and appointed a "Vogt" or bailiff over the bishop. Between 1524 and 1526 the Ilanzer Article removed the last vestiges of the bishop's political power.HDS|17154|League of God's House|rm=1432]

Expansion of the League

Throughout the 15th century the League continued to expand. The "vier Dörfer" (the four villages, the rest of the five or fünf Dörfer) joined the League, along with Avers and the uppermost part of the Albula valley. The Münster valley and Puschlavs joined about 1498. During the mid-15th century the League of God's House began to pursue a common foreign policy with the other two Leagues (Grey League and League of the Ten Jurisdictions). In 1499 during the Swabian War the League together with the other two Leagues defeated a Habsburg army at the Battle of Calven and took the Vinschgau from the Bishopric of Chur. Over time the power of the Bishop of Chur weakened, but Chur became the center of the League of God's House. After about 1700, the mayor of Chur automatically became the leader of the League of God's House.

Three Leagues

After about 1471 the three separate Leagues were allied together as the Three Leagues. The "Bundesbrief" of September 23, 1524 created a constitution for the Three Leagues that would remain until the Napoleonic dissolution of the League. However the League was not a unified state in the modern sense. The Three Leagues worked together as a federation of three states and virtually all affairs of the League were settled by referendum. The Three Leagues were also unique in early modern Europe for practicing a form of communalism, in which each League was founded, governed and defended through collective decisions.

The Three Leagues were normally allied with the Old Swiss Confederacy. Initially this was a response to the expansion of the Hapsburgs. The Musso war against the Duchy of Milan in 1520 pushed the League closer to the Swiss Confederacy. The League remained in association with the Swiss until the Napoleonic Wars, when it was absorbed into the Swiss Helvetic Republic founded in 1798. After the Napoleonic Act of Mediation in 1803, the Three Leagues became the canton of Graubünden. The League of God's House remained a distinct part of the political organization of the canton from 1803 until 1854.

ee also

* Battle of Calven
* Three Leagues

External links

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References