Tempeh

Tempeh, or tempe in Javanese, is made by a natural culturing and controlled fermentation process that binds soybeans into a cake form. It is especially popular on the island of Java, where it is a staple source of protein. Like tofu, tempeh is made from soybeans, but tempeh is a whole soybean product with different nutritional characteristics and textural qualities. Tempeh's fermentation process and its retention of the whole bean give it a higher content of protein, dietary fiber and vitamins compared to tofu, as well as firmer texture and stronger flavor. Tofu, however, is thought to be more versatile in dishes. Because of its nutritional value, tempeh is used worldwide in vegetarian cuisine; some consider it to be a meat analogue. Even long before people found and realized its rich nutritional value, tempeh was referred to as “Javanese meat.”

Production

Tempeh begins with whole soybeans, which are softened by soaking and dehulled, then partly cooked. Specialty tempehs may be made from other types of beans, wheat, or may include a mixture of beans and whole grains.

A mild acidulent, usually vinegar, may be added in order to lower the pH and create a selective environment that favors the growth of the tempeh mold over competitors. A fermentation starter containing the spores of fungus "Rhizopus oligosporus" is mixed in. The beans are spread into a thin layer and are allowed to ferment for 24 to 36 hours at a temperature around 30°C (86°F). In good tempeh, the beans are knit together by a mat of white mycelia.

Under conditions of lower temperature, or higher ventilation, gray or black patches of spores may form on the surface—this is not harmful, and should not affect the flavor or quality of the tempeh. This sporulation is normal on fully mature tempeh. A mild ammonia smell may accompany good tempeh as it ferments, but it should not be overpowering. In Indonesia, ripe tempeh (two or more days old) is considered a delicacy.

Nutrition

The soy protein in tempeh becomes more digestible as a result of the fermentation process. In particular, the oligosaccharides that are associated with gas and indigestion are greatly reduced by the "Rhizopus" culture. In traditional tempeh making shops, the starter culture often contains other beneficial bacteria that produce vitamins such as B12 [ [http://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/ebm/record/563702/abstract/Production_of_vitamin_B_12_in_tempeh_a_fermented_soybean_food_ Liem IT, Steinkraus KH, Cronk TC: "Production of vitamin B-12 in tempeh, a fermented soybean food" Appl Environ Microbiol 1977 Dec; 34(6):773-6.] ] [ [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119470042/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Vitamin B12 Activity in Miso and Tempeh "Delores D. Truesdell, Nancy R. Green, Phyllis B. Acosta" Journal of Food Science Vol.52 No.2 pp.493-494, 1987] ] (though it is disputed whether this B12 is "bioavailable"Fact|date=July 2008) [http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/reprint/131/4/1331S.pdf] . In western countries, it is more common to use a pure culture containing only "Rhizopus oligosporus".

Preparation

In the kitchen, tempeh is often prepared by cutting it into pieces, soaking in brine or salty sauce, and then frying. Cooked tempeh can be eaten alone, or used in chili, stir frys, soups, salads, sandwiches, and stews. Recent popular vegan cookbooks, such as Isa Chandra Moskowitz's "Vegan with a Vengeance", have come up with more creative ways of cooking tempeh, using it as a vegetarian substitution for breakfast meats, such as sausage and bacon. Tempeh has a complex flavor that has been described as nutty, meaty, and mushroom-like. Tempeh freezes well, and is now commonly available in many western supermarkets as well as in ethnic markets and health food stores. Tempeh performs well in a cheese grater, after which it may be used in the place of ground beef (as in tacos). When thin sliced and deep fried in oil, tempeh obtains a crispy golden crust while maintaining a soft interior—its sponge-like consistency make it suitable for marinades. Dried tempeh (whether cooked or raw) provides an excellent stew base for backpackers. For the Thanksgiving holiday, tempeh (as dark meat) and tofu (as white) may each be thick-sliced and baked with a standard dressing/stuffing preparation to provide a vegan alternative to turkey.

Types

A new form of tempeh based on barley and oats instead of soya was developed by scientists at the Swedish Department of Food Science in 2008. It can be produced in climate regions where it is not possible to grow soya beans. [ [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080528095627.htm New Vegetarian Food With Several Health Benefits] ScienceDaily (May 30, 2008). Accessed May 2008]

Tempe bongkrèk

Tempe bongkrèk is a variety of tempeh from Central Java, notably Banyumas regency, that is prepared with coconut. This type of tempeh occasionally gets contaminated with the bacterium "Burkholderia cocovenenans", and the unwanted organism produces toxins (Bongkrek acid and toxoflavin) from the coconut, besides killing off the "Rhizopus" fungus due to the antibiotic activity of bongkrek acid.

Fatalities from contaminated tempe bongkrèk were once common in the area where it was produced.Fact|date=October 2007 Thus, the sale of tempeh bongkrèk is prohibited by law nowadays; clandestine manufacture continues however due to the superior culinary value. The problem of contamination is not encountered with bean or grain tempeh, which have a different composition of fatty acids that is not favorable for the growth of "B. cocovenenans" but encourages growth of "Rhizopus" instead. When bean or grain tempeh has the proper color, texture and smell, it is a very strong indication that the product is safe. Tempe bongkrèk which is yellow is always highly toxic due to toxoflavin, but tempe bongkrèk with a normal coloration may still contain lethal amounts of bongkrek acid.

Tempe Mendoan

A variation of tempeh cooking method, often found in Purwokerto. The origin of the word 'Mendoan' is from Banyumas regional dialect, which means "to cook instantly in very hot oil", that results in raw and limp cooking.

References

* Shurtleff, William, and Akiko Aoyagi. 1979. "The book of tempeh: A super soyfood from Indonesia". New York: Harper & Row (Colophon Books). ISBN 0-06-091265-0.
* Shurtleff, William, and Akiko Aoyagi. 1985. "The book of tempeh". Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
* Shurtleff, William, and Akiko Aoyagi. 1985. "History of tempeh: A fermented soyfood from Indonesia". 2nd ed. Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. ISBN 0-933332-21-1.
* Shurtleff, William, and Akiko Aoyagi. 1989. "Bibliography of tempeh and tempeh products: 1,416 references from 1815 to 1989". Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center. ISBN 0-933332-47-5.

ee also

*Tofu
*Miso
*Douchi
*Natto
*Oncom
*Iru
*Ogiri

External links

* [http://www.motherearthnews.com/Real-Food/1977-09-01/Tempeh-Recipes.aspx "How We Make and Eat Tempeh Down on The Farm"] - Mother Earth News, Issue # 47 - September/October 1977
* [http://www.tempeh.info "Step-by-step instructions for making tempeh"]
* [http://www.tempeh.idv.tw "Useful links about tempeh"]
* [http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/~manfred/tempeh/ "Efficient Tempeh making with Manfred"]