- History of Afghanistan since 1992
This article on the History of Afghanistan since 1992 covers the time period from the fall of the Najibullah government in 1992 to the end of the American military presence in Afghanistan.
End of Najibullah government
After the Soviets withdrew completely from
Afghanistan in February 1989, fighting between the communist backed government andmujahideen continued. With material help from the Soviets,Mohammad Najibullah 's government survived, but after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, it was overthrown onApril 18 ,1992 . The forces ofAbdul Rashid Dostum surrendered toAhmed Shah Massoud and Kabul was left without defenses and soon fell to Massoud, at the time Doustum had 1500 militia inKabul airport.First Jamiat-e Islami
Seeking to resolve these differences, the leaders of the
Peshawar -based mujahideen groups established an interimJamiat-e Islami in mid-April to assume power in Kabul. Moderate leader Prof.Sibghatullah Mojadeddi was to chair the council for 2 months, after which a 10-member leadership council composed of mujahideen leaders and presided over by the head of the Jamiat-i-Islami, Prof.Burhanuddin Rabbani , was to be set up for 4 months. During this 6-month period, aLoya Jirga , or grand council of Afghan elders and notables, would convene and designate an interim administration which would hold power up to a year, pending elections.But in May 1992, Rabbani prematurely formed the leadership council, undermining Mojaddedi's fragile authority. On
June 28 ,1992 , Mojaddedi surrendered power to the Leadership Council, which then elected Rabbani as President. Nonetheless, heavy fighting broke out in August 1992 in Kabul between forces loyal to President Rabbani and rival factions, particularly those who supportedGulbuddin Hekmatyar 'sHezb-i-Islami . After Rabbani extended his tenure in December 1992, fighting in the capital flared up in January and February 1993. TheIslamabad Accord , signed in March 1993, which appointed Hekmatyar as Prime Minister, failed to have a lasting effect. A follow-up agreement, theJalalabad Accord , called for the militias to be disarmed but was never fully implemented. Through 1993, Hekmatyar's Hezb-i-Islami forces, allied with the Shi'a Hezb-i-Wahdat militia, clashed intermittently with Rabbani and Massoud's Jamiat forces. Cooperating with Jamiat were militants of Sayyaf's Ittehad-i-Islami and, periodically, troops loyal to ethnic Uzbek strongman Abdul Rashid Dostam. OnJanuary 1 ,1994 , Dostam switched sides, precipitating large scale fighting in Kabul and in northern provinces, which caused thousands of civilian casualties in Kabul and elsewhere and created a new wave of displaced persons and refugees. The country sank even further into anomie, forces loyal to Rabbani and Masood, both ethnicTajiks , controlled Kabul and much of the northeast, while local warlords exerted power over the rest of the country.Rise of the Taliban
In reaction to the anarchy and warlordism prevalent in the country, and the lack of
Pashtun representation in the Kabul government, a movement arose called theTaliban . Many Taliban had been educated in madrasas in Pakistan and were largely from ruralPashtun backgrounds. This group was made up of mostly Pashtuns that dedicated itself to removing the warlords, providing law and order, and imposing the strict IslamicSharia law on the country. In 1994 it developed enough strength to capture the city ofKandahar from a local warlord and proceeded to expand its control throughout Afghanistan, occupyingHerat in September 1995, then Kabul in September 1996, and declaring theIslamic Emirate of Afghanistan (although there was no Emir). By this time Afghanistan was in its 17th year of war. It had the highest infant, child and maternal mortality rates in Asia. An estimated 10 millionlandmine s covered its terrain. Two-million refugees were in camps.Pakistan recognized the Taliban as the legitimate rulers of Afghanistan in 1997. By the end of 2000, the Taliban occupied about 95% of the country, limiting the opposition to a small corner in the northeast
Badakhshan Province . Efforts by theUN , prominent Afghans living outside the country, and other interested countries to bring about a peaceful solution to the continuing conflict came to nothing, largely because of intransigence on the part of the Taliban.The Taliban sought to impose an extreme interpretation of
Islam —based in part upon rural Pashtun tradition—upon the entire country and committed human rights violations, particularly directed against women and girls, in the process. Women were restricted from working outside the home or pursuing an education, were not to leave their homes without an accompanying male relative, and required to wear a traditionalburqa .The Taliban repressed minority populations, particularly the
Shia , as a retaliation in which approximately 2,500 Taliban soldiers were massacred byAbdul Malik and his Shia followers; attacked theIran ianembassy , killing eight diplomats and a television reporter, claiming them as spies.In 2001, as part of a drive against relics of Afghanistan's pre-Islamic past, the Taliban destroyed two large statues of Buddha outside of the city of Bamiyan and announced destruction of all pre-Islamic statues in Afghanistan, including the remaining holdings of the
Kabul Museum .In addition to the continuing civil strife, the country suffered from widespread poverty, drought, a devastated infrastructure, and ubiquitous use of
landmine s. [ [http://www.merip.org/mero/mero092401.html Ruiz, Hiram and Emery, Margaret (24 September 2001) "Afghanistan's Refugee Crisis" "Middle East Report Online"] ] These conditions led to about a million Afghans facing starvation. [ [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-10829318_ITM Norton, Andre (April 2001) "Afghanistan: The Crisis Deepens" "The Middle East" (No.311): pp. 14-15] ]In 1998, a series of
earthquake s killed thousands of Afghans in the northeast Badakhshan Province.Some Afghan leaders have accused
Pakistan of failing to do enough to stopinfiltration , or even of continuing to support its former protege, theTaliban in September 2006."I am very happy today that...the president of Pakistan assured me that he will try to get rid of this disease from the region,"
Hamid Karzai told a joint news conference at his palace. [http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/Pakistan-vow-to-help-crush-Taliban/2006/09/07/1157222225309.html Pakistan vow to help crush Taliban] . The Age.7 September 2006 .]2001 invasion of Afghanistan
From the mid-1990s the Taliban provided
sanctuary toOsama bin Laden , a Saudi national who had fought with them against the Soviets, and provided a base for his and other terrorist organizations. TheUnited Nations Security Council repeatedly sanctioned the Taliban for these activities. Bin Laden provided both financial and political support to the Taliban, as did Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, until American pressure forced them to drop their public support for the Taliban after September 11, 2001. Bin Laden and his al Qaeda group were charged with the bombing of the United States embassies inNairobi andDar Es Salaam in 1998, and in August 1998 the United States launched acruise missile attack against bin Laden's terrorist camp in Afghanistan. Bin Laden and al Qaeda are believed responsible for theSeptember 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, among other crimes.By September 2001 the remaining opposition to the Taliban had been confined to the
Panjshir Valley and a small region in the northeast. The opposition by this time had formed theAfghan Northern Alliance but controlled less than 5% of the country. Nevertheless, they held onto Afghanistan's diplomatic representation in the United Nations as only three countries in the world continued to recognize the Taliban government. OnSeptember 9 , agents working on behalf of the Taliban and believed to be associated with bin Laden's al Qaeda group assassinated Northern Alliance Defense Minister and chief military commanderAhmed Shah Massoud , a hero of the Afghan resistance against the Soviets and the Taliban's principal military opponent. Following the Taliban's repeated refusal to expel bin Laden and his group and end its support for international terrorism, the United States and its partners launched an invasion of Afghanistan onOctober 7 ,2001 .A period of bombing followed, which for about a month appeared to be having little effect. The US required the assistance of countries around Afghanistan to provide a route for the attack, but criticism increased as various
mosque s, aid agencies, hospitals, and other civilian buildings were damaged by US bombs. However, the Northern Alliance, fighting against a Taliban weakened by US bombing and massive defections, capturedMazari Sharif onNovember 9 . It rapidly gained control of most of northern Afghanistan and took control of Kabul onNovember 13 after the Taliban unexpectedly fled the city. The Taliban were restricted to a smaller and smaller region, withKunduz , the last Taliban-held city in the north, captured onNovember 26 . Most of the Taliban fled to Pakistan.The war continued in the south of the country, where the Taliban retreated to
Kandahar . After Kandahar fell in December, remnants of the Taliban and al-Qaeda continued to mount resistance.Rebuilding Afghanistan
Sponsored by the UN, Afghan factions opposed to the Taliban met in Bonn, Germany in early December and agreed on a political process to restore stability and governance to Afghanistan. In the first step, the Afghan Interim Authority, was formed and was installed in Kabul on
December 22 , 2001. [ [http://www.unama-afg.org/news/_parelection/_factsheets/_english/JEMBS%20PO%20BG%20General%20BG%20final%202005-4-1%20eng.pdf UN factsheet on Bonn Agreement] ] Chaired byHamid Karzai , it numbered 30 leaders and included a Supreme Court, an Interim Administration, and a Special Independent Commission.In March 2002, a series of earthquakes struck Afghanistan, with a loss of thousands of homes and over 1800 lives. Over 4000 more people were injured. The earthquakes occurred at
Samangan Province (March 3 ) andBaghlan Province (March 25 ). The latter was the worse of the two, and incurred most of the casualties. International authorities assisted the Afghan government in dealing with the situation.A "
Loya Jirga " (Grand Council of tribal leaders) was convened in June of 2002 by former KingZahir Shah , who returned from exile after 29 years. The Loya Jirga electedHamid Karzai as president for the two year transitional period, and replaced the Afghan Interim Authority with the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (TISA). Hamid Karzai was the target of an unsuccessfulassassination attempt in September 5, 2002. [ [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/july-dec02/afghan_9-5.html Burns, John (5 September 2003) "Day of Afghan Violence" "NewsHour with Jim Lehrer" PBS News] ] A constitutional Loya Jirga was held in December 2003, adopting a new constitution (January 2004) with a presidential form of government and a bicameral legislature.Hamid Karzai was elected in the first nationwide presidential election in October 2004. Over eight million people, including women, were able to vote. Seats in the 250 member parliament and provincial council seats were filed by elections in September 2005.
Current problems that exist for the administration include controlling bands of
bandit s roaming Afghanistan's rural sector, removing the debris (and in particular, unmapped buriedlandmine s) from decades of civil war from the countryside, and rebuilding the Afghan economy. Political violence also remains a problem. Numerous bombs have exploded in Kabul, targeting the international peacekeepers of theInternational Security Assistance Force . The Taliban have not disappeared, and the civil war still continues in the countryside, especially in the southern provinces (2006).The southern provinces have also been afflicted by the eradication policies carried out by the international community and Afghan government and suffer from the increased poverty this has brought to rural zones. Some have linked failed eradication policies to the increase in violence in the south and suggest the international community focus efforts more on reconstruction as an effective counter-insurgency policy, gaining hearts and minds. One alternative development group, theSenlis Council proposes that the poppy crop be licensed in controlled projects and poppy-based medicines be made from it, to encourage economic diversity. [ [http://www.senliscouncil.net/modules/events/London_event_on_afghanistan/documents/poppy_medicine_technical_dossier "Poppies for Medicine" The Senlis Council] ]External links
* [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0275999998 A Democracy Is Born: An Insider's Account of the Battle Against Terrorism in Afghanistan (book on the 2004 election)]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7232838.stm Karzi denies tensions with West]Notes
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