World Trade Center (PATH station)

Infobox Station
name=World Trade Center

---

image_size=
image_caption=New PATH station entrance that opened in April 2008
address=World Trade Center
New York, NY
line=rail color box|system=PATH|line=NWK-WTCrail color box|system=PATH|line=HOB-WTC
other=New York City Subway: NYCS Eighth south, NYCS Broadway-Seventh Brooklyn
New York City Bus: M1, M6
platform=1 side platform, 2 island platforms
tracks=5
bicycle=
passengers=12.1 million
pass_year=2006
pass_percent=9
opened=1903
rebuilt=1971, 2003
ADA=yes
owned=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
services=s-rail|title=PATHThe World Trade Center PATH station originally opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal. When the Hudson Terminal was torn down to make way for the World Trade Center, a new station was built, which opened in 1971. This station served as the terminus for the Newark-World Trade Center and Hoboken-World Trade Center routes until it was destroyed during the September 11, 2001 attacks. A temporary station was built, which opened on November 23, 2003.

Hudson Terminal

Hudson Terminal was built by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad at the turn of the twentieth century and was located between Greenwich, Cortlandt, Church, and Fulton Streets. The Hudson Terminal included two 22-story buildings were located above the station, at 30 and 50 Church Street. The terminal was an architectural and engineering marvel of its time, carefully planned and designed with a series of ramps descending from the street level to the mezzanine, to allow pedestrian traffic to flow in and out of the station quickly and easily.cite book |title=Passenger Terminals and Trains |author=Droege, John Albert |publisher=McGraw-Hill |date=1916 |pages=pp. 157-159] The station was served by two single-track tubes connected by a loop to speed train movements. The loop included five tracks and 3 platforms (2 center island and one side) and is somewhat similar to the current arrangement. [cite book |title=Rails Under the Mighty Hudson |author=Cudahy, Brian J. |publisher=Fordham University Press |date=2002 |pages=pp. 59-60] By 1914, passenger volume at the Hudson Terminal had reached 30,535,500 annually. Volume nearly doubled by 1922, with 59,221,354 passengers that year at the Hudson Terminal. [cite news |title=315,724,808 Came or Left City in 1922 |date=April 15, 1923 |publisher=The New York Times]

Overall ridership on New Jersey's Hudson and Manhattan Railroad (H&M) declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958, after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River. [cite book |title=Rails Under the Mighty Hudson |author=Cudahy, Brian J. |publisher=Fordham University Press |year=2002 |pages=p. 56] The State of New Jersey was interested in getting the Port Authority to take over the railroad, but the Port Authority long viewed it as something unprofitable that they were never interested in. In the late 1950s, the Port Authority proposed to build a "world trade center" in New York City, on the east side of Lower Manhattan along the East River.

As a bi-state agency, Port Authority projects require approval from both the states of New Jersey and New York. Toward the end of 1961, negotiations with outgoing New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner regarding the World Trade Center project reached a stalemate. In December 1961, Port Authority executive director Austin J. Tobin met with newly elected New Jersey Governor Richard J. Hughes, and made a proposal to shift the World Trade Center project to a west side site where the Hudson Terminal was located.cite news |title=Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines |author=Grutzner, Charles |publisher=The New York Times |date=December 29, 1961]

In acquiring the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad, the Port Authority would also acquire the Hudson Terminal and other buildings which were deemed obsolete. On January 22 1962, the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad and to build the World Trade Center on Manhattan's lower west side. [cite news |title=2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center |author=Wright, George Cable |date=January 23, 1962 |publisher=The New York Times] The shift in location for the World Trade Center to a site more convenient to New Jersey, together with Port Authority acquisition of the H&M Railroad, brought New Jersey to agreement in support of the World Trade Center project.

World Trade Center

Groundbreaking on the World Trade Center took place in 1966. The site of the World Trade Center was located on landfill, with the bedrock located 65 feet (20 m) below.cite news |title=The Biggest Foundation |author=Iglauer, Edith |date=November 4, 1972 |publisher=The New Yorker] A new method was used to construct a slurry wall that would keep water from the Hudson River out. During excavation of the site and construction of the towers, the original Hudson Tubes remained in service as elevated tunnels. The Hudson Terminal was shut down in 1971 when a new PATH station was completed.cite news |author=Carroll, Maurice |title=A Section of the Hudson Tubes is Turned into Elevated Tunnel |date=December 30, 1968 |publisher=The New York Times] The new WTC PATH station cost $35 million to build. At the time, the station had a passenger volume of 85,000 daily.cite news |title=Air-Cooled PATH Terminal in World Trade Center Opens Tuesday |date=July 1, 1971 |publisher=The New York Times]

The new PATH station opened on July 6, 1971, and was sited at a different location from the original Hudson Terminal. [cite news |title=New PATH Station Opens Downtown |author=Burks, Edward C. |date=July 7, 1971 |publisher=The New York Times] The PATH station platform was slightly longer than its predecessor, accommodating 10-car trains versus the 6-car trains that the Hudson Terminal could handle. The tight turns in the loop into the Hudson Terminal were made less tight in the new station. While construction of the World Trade Center neared completion, a temporary corridor was provided to take passengers between the station and a temporary entrance on Church Street. When it opened, the station had nine high-speed escalators between the platform level and the mezzanine level. The WTC PATH station was served by Newark-World Trade Center and Hoboken-World Trade Center trains.

When the 1993 World Trade Center bombing occurred, a section of ceiling in the PATH station collapsed and trapped dozens. [cite news |title=Blast Hits Trade Center, Bomb Suspected; 5 Killed, Thousands Flee Smoke In Towers |publisher=The New York Times |date=February 27, 1993 |author=McFadden, Robert D. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DB103AF934A15751C0A965958260] Nonetheless, the PATH station did not suffer any structural damage. [cite news |title=Now, the Cleanup, Work begins assessing the damage |publisher=Newsday (New York) |date=February 28, 1993 |author=Newkirk, Pamela] Within a week, the Port Authority was able to resume PATH service to the World Trade Center. [cite news |title=PATH and Subway Service Is Being Restored |publisher=The New York Times |date=March 1, 1993 |author=Marks, Peter |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7DC133AF932A35750C0A965958260]

The PATH station was connected to the World Trade Center towers, via an underground concourse and shopping center. There were also underground connections to the NYCS service|A/NYCS service|C/NYCS service|E New York Subway lines and to the NYCS service|N and NYCS service|R lines. Prior to September 11, the mall had been leased to The Westfield Group, which intended to rename the mall Westfield Shoppingtown World Trade Center, and embark on a major expansion and renovation program. Plans called for the addition of 200,000 square feet of new mall space and a few well-known sit-down restaurants. By 2001, the volume of passengers using the WTC PATH station was approximately 25,000 daily. [cite news |title=Next Stop, Semi-Normalcy |publisher=The Star-Ledger (Newark) |date=September 13, 2001 |author=Wyckoff, P.L. and Rudy Larini]

Soon after Flight 11 (first plane) hit the North Tower on 9/11, the PATH station was shut down by order from PATH's deputy director, Victoria Cross Kelly, and Richie Moran who commanded the PATH system at the Journal Square Transportation Center. A train from Newark that came into the terminal at 8:55 a.m. stopped only to pick up passengers. A second train, from Hoboken, came through at 9:00 a.m. but did not stop and returned to New Jersey. PATH sent an empty train to the station at 9:10 a.m. to pick up a dozen PATH employees, as well as a homeless individual, leaving the PATH station empty. [cite news |title=Quick-Acting P.A. Steered 5,000 Commuters to Safety |publisher=The Star-Ledger (Newark) |date=September 19, 2001 |author=Schwaneberg, Robert]

Temporary PATH station

With the station destroyed, service to Lower Manhattan was suspended for over two years. Exchange Place, the next station on the Newark–World Trade Center line, also had to be closed because it could not operate as a "terminal" station. Instead, two uptown services (Newark–33rd Street (red) and Hoboken–33rd Street (blue)) and one intra-state New Jersey service (Hoboken-Journal Square (green)) were put into operation.cite web |url=http://www.panynj.gov/drp/wtcpath/pathinfo.php |title=PATH Service Restoration |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey |accessdate=2008-04-22] Cleanup of the Exchange Place station was needed after the attacks. As well, the downtown Hudson tubes had been flooded, which destroyed the track infrastructure. [cite web|url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/TemporaryPATH.asp |title=Temporary World Trade Center PATH Station |publisher=New York Construction |accessdate=2008-04-22] Modifications to the tracks were also required since the Exchange Place station was never designed as a terminal station. The Exchange Place station re-opened in June 2003. PATH service to Lower Manhattan was restored when a temporary station opened on November 23 2003. The inaugural train was the same one that had been used for the evacuation.

The temporary PATH station was designed by Port Authority chief architect Robert I. Davidsoncite news|title=At Ground Zero, a Conduit of People and Memory |author=Dunlap, David W. |publisher=The New York Times |date=2003, May 15 |page=B3] and constructed at a cost of $323 million. [cite news|title=Again, Trains Put the World In Trade Center |author=Dunlap, David W. | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E0DC113BF937A15752C1A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink |publisher=The New York Times |date=2003, November 24 |page=A1] The station features a canopy entrance along Church Street and a 118-by-12 foot mosaic mural, "Iridescent Lightning," by Giulio Candussio of the Scuola Mosaicisti del Friuli in Spilimbergo, Italy. The station is also adorned with opaque panel walls inscribed with inspirational quotes attesting to the greatness and resilience of New York City. These panels partially shield the World Trade Center site from view.

In the 9/11 attacks, some sections of the station including the floor and the signage on the northeast corner, were only lightly damaged in the collapse of the World Trade Center. These sections of the station were retained in the temporary PATH station, and will remain in the new station, where it connects with the NYCS service|A/NYCS service|C platforms. Following its reopening and the resumption of Newark-World Trade Center and Hoboken-World Trade Center service, the station quickly reclaimed its status as the busiest station in the PATH system.

The World Trade Center PATH station was also home to a Storycorps booth which opened in 2005. Through this program, visitors could arrange to give oral recorded histories of the disaster. The booth closed in Spring 2007 to make way for construction at the World Trade Center site. [cite web |url=http://www.wtc.com/about/at-the-world-trade-center |title=About the World Trade Center |publisher=Silverstein Properties |accessdate=2008-04-20] In June 2007, the street entrance to the temporary station was closed and demolished as part of the ongoing site construction. A set of new staircases was constructed several feet to the south, and a "tent" structure was added to provide cover from the elements. The tent structure, by Voorsanger Architects and installed at a cost of $275,000, was designed to have an "aspiring quality" according to architect Bartholomew Voorsanger. [cite news |url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/10/folding-a-large-and-symbolic-tent-downtown/ |title=Folding a Large and Symbolic Tent Downtown |author=Dunlap, David W. |publisher=The New York Times |date=April 10, 2008] That entrance on Church Street was closed in April 2008 when the entrance was relocated once again. On April 1, 2008, the third new temporary entrance to the PATH station opened for commuters. The entrance is located on Vesey Street, adjacent to 7 World Trade Center. It will serve as the entrance through at least 2011.cite news | first=David W. | last=Dunlap | url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/a-new-twist-at-the-path-station/ | title=A New Twist at the PATH Station | work=New York Times | publisher=The New York Times Company | location=New York, New York | date=1 April 2008]

New York City Subway connections

The station also connects to several New York City Subway services:

* The NYCS|A train (all times), NYCS|C train (all times except late nights), and NYCS service|E train at the Chambers Street–World Trade Center station of the IND Eighth Avenue Line
* The NYCS|2 train (all times) and NYCS|3 train (all times except late nights) at the Park Place station of the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line

Two connections are currently closed:

* The NYCS service|1 train at the Cortlandt Street station on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (closed indefinitely pending reconstruction of the World Trade Center site)
* The NYCS service|N, NYCS service|R, and NYCS service|W trains at the Cortlandt Street station on the BMT Broadway Line (temporarily closed due to construction of the Fulton Street Transit Center)

The Fulton–Broadway–Nassau station complex is one block away. An underground passageway along Dey Street is being constructed as part of the Fulton Street Transit Center project. Currently, there is street-level connection to the following services:

* The NYCS service|4 train (all times) and NYCS service|5 train (all times except late nights) at the Fulton Street station on the IRT Lexington Avenue Line
* The NYCS|J train (all times except weekends), NYCS service|M train (rush hours only), and NYCS|Z train (rush hours only) at the Fulton Street station on the BMT Nassau Street Line.

Plans for the new station

Background

The temporary PATH station will be replaced with a permanent World Trade Center Transportation Hub, which is being built by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey at a cost of $3.2 billion. [ [http://www.lowermanhattan.info/news/calatrava_s_wtc_transportation_29863.asp Calatrava's WTC Transportation Hub Soars] - lowermanhattan.info] citenews|title=NYC World Trade Center site faces fresh delays|work=Yahoo! News|date=2008-10-02|last=Gralla|first=Joan|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20081002/us_nm/us_worldtradecenter_3|accessdate=2008-10-03]

A large transit station was not part of the 2003 Memory Foundations master plan for the site by Daniel Libeskind, which called for a smaller station along the lines of the original subterranean station that existed beneath the World Trade Center. Libeskind's design called for the space to be left open, forming a "Wedge of Light" so that sun rays around the autumnal equinox would hit the World Trade Center footprints each September.

In early 2004, the Port Authority, which owns the land, modified the Libeskind plan to include a world-class transportation station downtown that was intended to rival Penn Station and Grand Central Terminal. In a nod to the Liebeskind concept, the station will be at an angle to maximize the effect of the autumnal equinox rays.

Lower Manhattan has never had an ambitious transit or railroad center, as the former complex at the World Trade Center was built beneath the buildings. The station is designed to connect the PATH to the New York City Subway system. A proposal for a connection to the Long Island Rail Road via a new tunnel under the East River, the Lower Manhattan-Jamaica/JFK Transportation Project, is currently in the alternatives analysis stage.

Design

Spanish Architect Santiago Calatrava, designer of the station, said it resembles a bird being released from a child's hand. The roof was originally designed to mechanically open to increase light and ventilation to the enclosed space. Herbert Muschamp, architecture critic of "The New York Times", wrote:

:Santiago Calatrava's design for the World Trade Center PATH station should satisfy those who believe that buildings planned for ground zero must aspire to a spiritual dimension. Over the years, many people have discerned a metaphysical element in Mr. Calatrava's work. I hope New Yorkers will detect its presence, too. With deep appreciation, I congratulate the Port Authority for commissioning Mr. Calatrava, the great Spanish architect and engineer, to design a building with the power to shape the future of New York. It is a pleasure to report, for once, that public officials are not overstating the case when they describe a design as breathtaking.cite news | first=Herbert | last=Muschamp | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905E7DF1639F930A15752C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title=AN APPRAISAL; PATH Station Becomes A Procession of Flight | work=New York Times | publisher=New York Times Co. | location=New York, New York | date=23 January 2004 | accessdate=2008-07-13]

Another critic wrote:

:The World Trade Center PATH Terminal by Santiago Calatrava, the renowned Spanish architect and engineer, is what we should have at ground zero. Not modified suburban malls with water fountains, but a major cultural contribution to our city.cite news | first=Michael | last=Kimmelman | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01E4D81538F932A35751C0A9629C8B63&sec=&spon=&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title=ARCHITECTURE; Ground Zero Finally Grows Up | work=New York Times | publisher=New York Times Co. | location=New York, New York | date=1 February 2004 | accessdate=2008-07-13]

However, Calatrava's original soaring spike design has been scaled back because of security issues. The "Times" observed, "In the name of security, Santiago Calatrava's bird has grown a beak. Its ribs have doubled in number and its wings have lost their interstices of glass.... [T] he main transit hall, between Church and Greenwich Streets, will almost certainly lose some of its delicate quality, while gaining structural expressiveness. It may now evoke a slender stegosaurus more than it does a bird."cite news | first=David W. | last=Dunlap | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/28/nyregion/28rebuild.html | title=Approval Expected Today for Trade Center Rail Hub | work=New York Times | publisher=New York Times Co. | location=New York, New York | date=28 July 2005 | accessdate=2008-07-13]

The design was further modified to eliminate the opening and closing roof mechanism because of budget and space constraints.cite news | first=David W. | last=Dunlap | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/02/nyregion/02path.html?ex=1373083200&en=c973b8f30962888e&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | title=Design of Ground Zero Transit Hub Is Trimmed | work=New York Times | publisher=New York Times Co. | location=New York, New York | date=2 July 2008 | accessdate=2008-07-13]

The station has also stirred problems with developer Larry Silverstein, who owns the lease for the World Trade Center site, since it took away available space for his proposed buildings.

Construction

Construction of the station calls for relocation of the landmark World Trade Center cross in 2006. The permanent station is scheduled to be completed in 2013.

On July 8, 2008, the first prefabricated "ribs" for the pedestrian walkway under Fulton Street were installed on the site.cite news | first=David W. | last=Dunlap | url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/11/among-the-hard-angles-a-few-new-curves/ | title=Among the Hard Angles, a Few New Curves | work=New York Times | publisher=New York Times Co. | location=New York, New York | date=11 July 2008 | accessdate=2008-07-13]

Nearby attractions

* Battery Park
** Castle Clinton
** Ferries to Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty
* Battery Park City
** Irish Hunger Memorial
** Museum of Jewish Heritage
** Skyscraper Museum
** World Financial Center
* Bowling Green
** Charging Bull at Bowling Green
* Brooklyn Bridge
* Chinatown
**Museum of Chinese in the Americas
*Civic Center
** African Burial Ground
** Foley Square
** New York City Hall
** South Street Seaport
* Financial District
** Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House
*** National Museum of the American Indian - The George Gustav Heye Center
** [http://www.aich.org/index2.php American Indian Community House]
** Federal Reserve Bank of New York
** Fraunces Tavern
** Museum of American Finance
** New York City Police Museum
** Sports Museum of America
** Wall Street
*** Federal Hall
*** New York Stock Exchange
* TriBeCa
* Trinity Church
** St. Paul's Chapel
* Woolworth Building

ee also

* Port Authority Trans-Hudson
* World Trade Center
* World Trade Center site
* Fulton Street Transit Center

References

External links

* [http://www.panynj.gov/ PATH] - Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
* [http://www.pathrestoration.com/drp/index.php PATH/Downtown Restoration]
* [http://www.mta.nyc.ny.us/capconstr/fstc/ Fulton Street Transit Center]
* [http://www.nycsubway.org/nyc/path/ nycsubway.org]