United 93 (film)

Infobox Film| name = United 93


producer = Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Paul Greengrass Lloyd Levin
director = Paul Greengrass
writer = Paul Greengrass
music = John Powell
cinematography = Barry Ackroyd
editing = Clare Douglas Richard Pearson Christopher Rouse
distributor = Universal Pictures Working Title
released = flagicon|USA April 28, 2006 September 5, 2006 "(DVD)"
runtime = 111 min.
country = flagicon|UK UK FRA USA
language = English Arabic
budget = $15,000,000
website = http://www.flight93.net
imdb_id = 0475276
amg_id = 1:334030
gross = $76,286,096Infobox movie certificates
United_States = R
United_Kingdom = 15
Germany = 12

"United 93" (formerly named "Flight 93") is a 2006 film written and directed by Paul Greengrass that chronicles events aboard United Airlines Flight 93, which was hijacked during the September 11, 2001 attacks. The film attempts to recount with as much veracity as possible (there is a disclaimer that some imagination had to be used) and in real time (from the flight's takeoff), what has come to be known in the United States as an iconic moment of heroism. According to the filmmakers, the film was made with the full cooperation of all the families of the passengers. [ " [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/movies/01timm.html?ex=1293771600&en=f5a28a31bbbc6611&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Four Years On, a Cabin's-Eye View of 9/11] " January 1, 2006 "New York Times" article ]

"United 93" premiered on April 26, 2006 at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City, a festival founded to celebrate New York City as a major filmmaking center and to contribute towards the long-term recovery of lower Manhattan. [ " [http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20060329/en_nm/leisure_attacks_dc September 11 plane drama to open NY film festival] " March 29, 2006 "Reuters" article ] Several family members of the passengers aboard the flight attended the premiere to show their support.

The film opened nationwide in North America on April 28, 2006. Ten percent of the gross from the three-day opening weekend was promised toward a donation to create a memorial for the victims of Flight 93. " [http://www.newsweek.com/id/45908 A Dark Day Revisited] " April 10, "Newsweek" ] "United 93" grossed $31.4 million in the United States, and $76.2 million worldwide. [ [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14078224/ msnbc] ] [ [http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=united93.htm Box Office mojo - United 93] ]

Plot

The film opens early on the morning of September 11, 2001 with the hijackers praying in their hotel room, then leaving for Newark International Airport. At the airport, the passengers and crew board United Airlines Flight 93 along with the hijackers. Shortly after boarding, Flight 93 runs into rush hour traffic, and the flight is momentarily delayed. The other 3 would-be-hijacked flights take off.

Eventually Flight 93 does take off and passes by Manhattan. Hijacker Ziad Jarrah catches a final glimpse of the World Trade Center as the plane climbs away.

Air traffic controllers monitoring all current flights notice that American Airlines Flight 11 has taken a southern turn toward New York City. Not long after that, Flight 11 descends into Lower Manhattan and crashes head on into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, though air traffic controllers are not aware of it. CNN then broadcasts the first international shot of the smoking WTC. While the traffic controllers, unaware that Flight 11 has crashed, try to make sense of it, United Airlines Flight 175 begins to descend and turn toward NYC as well. Air traffic controllers then realize they are dealing with a hijacking. American Airlines Flight 77 is also hijacked. The traffic controllers alert the U.S. Air Force, who decide whether or not to shoot down all suspected hijacked flights. The traffic controllers and Air Force then watch in horror as Flight 175 crashes into the South Tower of the WTC on live television.

Word of the planes that hit the World Trade Center reaches Flight 93, and the hijackers then decide to begin the hijacking. After Ahmed al-Haznawi assembles a bomb out of clay and plastic, the other 3 hijackers wrestle their way into the cockpit and overpower the pilots. In the cockpit they put a photo of the U.S. Capitol, their target, on the flight yoke mounted clipboard. By this time, Flight 77 crashes and creates a huge fireball at the Pentagon.

Much to the growing consternation of Ben Sliney and his people, coordination with the Air Force is haphazard and there are simply not enough planes ready, or armed, to respond to an in-air hijacking. Sliney ultimately decides to shut down "all" airspace in the United States and ground every single flight.

The hijackers do not prevent the people from making phone calls through the on-board GTE Airfone system. After hearing about the crashes into the WTC and the explosion at the Pentagon from loved ones, the passengers and crew understand that if they do nothing, they will also die, and eventually elect to storm the cockpit and attempt to retake the plane. The passengers make one last set of phone calls to friends and family, where they declare their intentions. The remaining crew assemble what makeshift weapons they can: cutlery, wine bottles, a fire extinguisher etc.

Learning that one of the passengers can fly a plane (although he has not flown a commercial aircraft), the group pin their hopes on him being able to at least control the plane. They debate whether the bomb is real or fake before deciding to start their counter-attack by overpowering al-Haznawi. He is killed by the passengers with a fire extinguisher. Having seen this, Ahmed al-Nami warns Jarrah and Saeed al-Ghamdi in the cockpit and makes several attempts to hold off the advancing passengers, including using what appears to be mace. He too is soon overwhelmed and killed by one of the passengers.

Ziad Jarrah shakes the plane violently to throw the passengers off balance, but nonetheless they make it into the cockpit. As the passengers wrestle with Jarrah for control, the plane goes into an angled nosedive towards the ground. The film ends just as Flight 93 crashes into a grassy empty field.

Cast

Production notes

The film was the first Hollywood feature to draw its narrative directly from the September 11 attacks. Passengers were portrayed in the film mostly by professional actors (Tom Burnett, for instance, is played by Christian Clemenson, who has appeared on "Boston Legal"). The roles of one of the flight attendants, the two pilots, and many other airline personnel were filled by actual airline employees. Some participants in the real-life events play themselves, notably FAA operations manager Ben Sliney. In an interview for UK magazine "Attitude", casting consultant Lee Dennison revealed that stand-ins for the hijackers were used until two weeks into filming and the actors playing them were kept separate from everyone else in order to cultivate more on-screen tension.

The dialogue, which was mostly improvised during rehearsals Greengrass held with the cast, was based on face-to-face interviews between actors and families of those they portray. Almost none of the passengers in the film are referred to by their names. Their identities remain anonymous, emphasizing the group effort over any individual heroics (and also portraying the fact that strangers on an airplane would not know one another's names). Much of the dialogue uses technical authenticity rather than theatrical embellishments, such as talk about if a plane has "Squawked 7500."

Filming took place on a 20-year-old reclaimed Boeing 757, formerly operated by MyTravel Airways, at Pinewood Studios near London, England from October till December 2005. The cockpit was built by [http://www.flightdecksolutions.com Flightdeck solutions] . The location was chosen both for its financial incentives and to shield actors from unwanted public scrutiny they might have received in the U.S. [" [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1762403,00.html The Day They Hijacked America] " April 28 2006 "The Guardian"] Action was filmed with handheld cameras, chosen for their versatility on the close-quarter sets and to create a sense of immediacy.

The title was changed from "Flight 93" to "United 93" in March 2006, to differentiate it from the A&E film "Flight 93". Shortly thereafter, the film was given an 'R' rating by the Motion Picture Association of America for "language, and some intense sequences of terror and violence." [ [http://www.mpaa.org/FilmRatings.asp MPAA Film Ratings] ] Universal Pictures appealed this rating, but it was rejected. The film was released in U.S. cinemas on April 28, 2006. It opened second in the weekend box office behind "RV", but netted a slightly higher per-screen average.

Initial screenings ended with a closing credits line, "America's war on terror had begun." This was replaced in the release version with, "Dedicated to the memory of all those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001." [" [http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0616,lim,72901,20.html A Flight to Remember] " April 18, 2006 "The Village Voice"]

Historical background

United Airlines Flight 93 was a Boeing 757-222 flight that regularly flew from Newark International Airport (now known as Newark Liberty International Airport) in Newark, New Jersey, to San Francisco International Airport continuing on to Narita International Airport in Tokyo, Japan, on a different aircraft. On September 11, 2001, the aircraft on the flight was one of the four planes hijacked as part of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, possibly intended to crash into and destroy the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. It was the only one of the four planes that did not reach its intended target, instead crashing near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, about 150 miles northwest of Washington.

Controversy

The film has been criticized for its portrayal of German passenger Christian Adams. Of all passengers on the plane, only Adams is portrayed as counseling appeasement. "Sunday Times" critic Cosmo Landesman mused, "Surely one of the passengers didn't phone home to point out that there was a cowardly German on board who wanted to give in?" [ [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2101-2204731.html "A terrifying flight back in time"] June 04, 2006 "The Times"] Critic John Harris suggested in a "Guardian" blog, "there will surely be all kinds of cries about old European surrender monkeys, the United States' contrasting backbone etc." [ [http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/john_harris/2006/05/another_surrender_monkey.html Skating on thin air] May 25, 2006 http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk, accessed June 11, 2006] The Guardian reports that Silke Adams, Adams's widow, is "believed to have refused to cooperate on the film, saying that the memory of her husband's death was still too raw" and states that "so far there is no evidence to suggest that Christian Adams did not support the other passengers, or refused to storm the cockpit." [ [http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1792167,00.html United 93 'surrender monkey' defends role in film] "The Guardian" (June 7, 2006)]

After the trailers for the film began circulating in cinemas, there were calls for Universal Pictures to pull them, due to the upset and surprise caused to some audience members. [ [http://articles.news.aol.com/movies/article.adp?id=20060404070609990011&ncid=AOLMOV00150000000008 Universal Will Not Pull 'United 93' Trailer, Despite Criticism] April 4, 2006, "New York Times"] One theater in Manhattan unilaterally pulled the trailer after audience complaints.

The Iraqi-born, London-based actor Lewis Alsamari, who plays a hijacker in the film, was reportedly denied a visa by U.S. immigration authorities when he applied to visit New York City to attend the premiere, despite having already been granted asylum in the United Kingdom since the 1990s. The reason reported to have been given was that he had once been a conscripted member of the Iraqi army — although this was also the grounds for his refugee status after his desertion in 1993. [ [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,11069-2145154,00.html 9/11 film actor refused visa for US premiere] April 21, 2006 "The Times"] . Other sources say that he applied late for his visa and that it was not denied. [ " [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article359460.ece America bars Iraqi immigrant who played hijacker in September 11 film] " April 22 2006 "The Independent On Sunday" ]

The official Internet forum for the film, previously available on Universal's website, was shut down as of May 3, 2006. No word has yet come from Universal as to why the board was removed from their server; however, it may have been because of flaming. [ [http://www.universalpictures.com/forum/index.php?sid=6e9ac351cdf5a927fac597890622899a Former Site of United 93 Universal Pictures Message Board] ]

The cockpit voice recorder tape from United Flight 93 has never been made public; however the transcript was made public after the film was completed, shedding more light on what actually happened in the final 30 minutes before the plane crashed. In some parts, it may contradict the choices made by the filmmaker in terms of some dialogue and specific aspects of the event. For example, the pilots, Jason Dahl and LeRoy Homer, are shown in the movie to be killed by the terrorists immediately as they are hijacking the plane. Some statements made by the terrorists in the transcript of the cockpit voice recorder tape, [ [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/usatoday/docs/terrorism/flight93transcript.pdf United Flight 93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript] . "Some point to the comment made at 9:45:25 to indicate doubt that both pilots were dead." Accessed December 10, 2006] as well as moans heard in the background inside the cockpit, [ [http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/usatoday/docs/terrorism/flight93transcript.pdf United Flight 93 Cockpit Voice Recorder Transcript.] "There are several unattributed groans recorded at 9:58, before the passenger assault on the cockpit apparently began." Accessed December 10, 2006] raised doubts that both pilots were indeed dead before the plane crashed; however, other documentary evidence from the 9/11 Commission Report indicated that at least one passenger reported in a cell phone call seeing two bodies, possibly the pilots, lying dead on the floor outside the cockpit after the hijacking. [ [http://www.gpoaccess.gov/911/pdf/sec1.pdf "The 9/11 Commission Report"] , Page 13, paragraph 2. Accessed December 10, 2006]

Critical reception

Roger Ebert, Michael Medved, Peter Travers, and James Berardinelli all awarded it with four stars. It was termed 'one of the most moving films of the year' by Peter Travers in "Rolling Stone", and achieved an average 91% rating from the Web site Rotten Tomatoes, another 90% from Metacritic and a 95% from the Broadcast Film Critics Association. United 93 appeared on 214 critic's Top-10 lists (the third most of any 2006 film), and was ranked #1 on 47 lists (the most of any 2006 film). [ [http://criticstop10.com/best-movies-of-2006/ Best of 2006 « CriticsTop10 ] ] At the website [http://www.moviecitynews.com/ Movie City News] , which ranks 250 critics lists and awards point values for list-placement, United 93 ranks as the #1 movie of 2006 [ [http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/2007/top_tens/00_top20.html 2006 Overall Critic's Top 20 - Movie City News] ] [ [http://www.thehotbutton.com/today/hot.button/2007_thb/070108_mon.html 2006 Overall Critics Choice Results Discussion - The Hot Button] ] [ [http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/2007/top_tens/00_index.htm 2006 Overall Critics Choice Chart - Movie City News] ] with a score of 917.5 points. On Metacritic, the film appears on 39 top ten lists, more than any other 2006 film on the site, although the 2006 film with the highest average score on the site is "Army of Shadows". [ [http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/ Best Reviewed Film of 2006 - Metacritic] ]

*Allmovie rating|4.5|5 [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:334030~T0 link]
*Empire rating|5|5 [http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/review.asp?FID=11355 link]
*Filmcritic rating|5|5 [http://filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/84dbbfa4d710144986256c290016f76e/fb492ba491d9b5828825715c0014873c?OpenDocument link]
*Roger Ebert rating|4|4 [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060427/REVIEWS/60419006/1023 link]
*Rolling Stone rating|4|4 [http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/9216055/review/10146749/united_93 link]
*Michael Medved rating|4|4 [http://www.michaelmedved.com/pg/jsp/eot/review.jsp?pid=2703 link]
*Entertainment Weekly Grade:A-
*Rotten Tomatoes 91% [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/united_93/ link]
*Metacritic 90% [http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/united93 link]
*Broadcast Film Critics Association 95%

Top ten lists

Only two films ("The Departed" and "The Queen") appeared on more top ten lists of the best films of 2006 than "United 93", and no film received more #1 mentionscite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/awards/2006/toptens.shtml |title=Metacritic: 2006 Film Critic Top Ten Lists |accessdate=2008-01-08 |publisher=Metacritic] :

*1st — "Empire"
*1st — J.R. Jones, "Chicago Reader"
*1st — Kyle Smith, "New York Post"
*1st — Lawrence Toppman, "The Charlotte Observer"
*1st — Michael Rechtshaffen, "The Hollywood Reporter"
*1st — Michael Sragow, "The Baltimore Sun"
*1st — Mike Russell, "The Oregonian"
*1st — Noel Murray, "The A.V. Club"
*2nd — Claudia Puig, "USA Today"
*2nd — James Berardinelli, ReelViews
*2nd — Marc Mohan, "The Oregonian"
*2nd — Michael Phillips, "Chicago Tribune"
*2nd — Nathan Rabin, "The A.V. Club"
*2nd — Owen Gleiberman, "Entertainment Weekly"
*2nd — Shawn Levy, "The Oregonian"
*2nd — Sheri Linden, "The Hollywood Reporter"
*2nd — Staff, "Film Threat"
*3rd — Ann Hornaday, "The Washington Post"
*3rd — Desson Thomson, "The Washington Post"
*3rd — Marjorie Baumgarten, "The Austin Chronicle"
*3rd — Scott Foundas, "LA Weekly"
*3rd — Scott Tobias, "The A.V. Club"
*3rd — Ty Burr, "The Boston Globe"
*4th — Kirk Honeycutt, "The Hollywood Reporter"
*4th — Rene Rodriguez, "The Miami Herald"
*4th — Richard Corliss, "TIME" magazine
*4th — Tasha Robinson, "The A.V. Club"
*5th — Frank Scheck, "The Hollywood Reporter"
*5th — Keith Phipps, "The A.V. Club"
*6th — Peter Travers, "Rolling Stone"
*6th — Stephen Holden, "The New York Times"
*8th — Dennis Harvey, "Variety"
*8th — Lou Lumenick, "New York Post"
*8th — Marc Savlov, "The Austin Chronicle"
*8th — Ray Bennett, "The Hollywood Reporter"
*9th — William Arnold, "Seattle Post-Intelligencer"

Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" and Steven Rea of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" named it among the top ten best films of 2006.

Awards and nominations

[ [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0475276/awards United 93 Awards and Nominations at IMDB] ] [ [http://www.moviecitynews.com/awards/2007/scoreboard_critics.html United 93 Awards and Nominations at Movie City News] ]

Won

* 60th British Academy Film Awards: David Lean Award for Achievement in Direction (Paul Greengrass) - Best Editing (Christopher Rouse, Richard Pearson, Clare Douglas)
* American Film Institute: 10 Most Outstanding Movies of the Year
* Austin Film Critics Association: "Top 10 Films" - Best Film
* Boston Society of Film Critics: Best Ensemble
* British Film Institute: Top Films of the Year 2006
* Broadcast Film Critics Association: "Top 10 Films"
* Central Ohio Film Critics: "Top 10 Films"
* Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association: "Top 10 Films" - Best Picture
* Empire Film Awards: Best British Film
* Evening Standard British Film Awards: Best Film
* International Cinephile Society: "Top 10 Films"
* Kansas City Film Critics Circle: Best Film — Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Las Vegas Film Critics Society: "Top 10 Films"
* London Film Critics Circle: Film of the Year — Director of the Year (Paul Greengrass) - British Producer of the Year (Paul Greengrass, Eric Fellner, Tim Bevan)
* Los Angeles Film Critics Association: Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* National Society of Film Critics: Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* New York Film Critics Circle: Best Picture
* Oklahoma Film Critics Circle: "Top 10 Films" - Best Film
* Online Film Critics Society: Best Picture — Best Editing (Christopher Rouse, Richard Pearson, Clare Douglas)
* Phoenix Film Critics Society: Best Picture
* San Diego Film Critics Society: Best Editing (Christopher Rouse, Richard Pearson, Clare Douglas)
* San Francisco Film Critics Circle: Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Southeastern Film Critics Association: "Top 10 Films"
* St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association: "Top 10 Films" - Best Original, Innovative or Creative Film
* Utah Film Critics Society: Best Picture
* Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association: Best Film

Nominated

* 79th Academy Awards: Achievement in Directing (Paul Greengrass) - Achievement in Film Editing (Christopher Rouse, Richard Pearson, Clare Douglas)
* 56th American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards: Best Edited Dramatic Feature Film (Christopher Rouse, Richard Pearson, Clare Douglas)
* 60th British Academy Film Awards: Alexander Korda Award for the Outstanding British Film of the Year (Tim Bevan, Lloyd Levin, Paul Greengrass) - Best Original Screenplay (Paul Greengrass) - Best Cinematography (Barry Ackroyd) - Best Sound (Chris Munro, Mike Prestwood Smith, Douglas Cooper, Oliver Tarney, Eddy Joseph)
* 54th Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards: Best Sound Editing for Sound Effects and Foley in a Foreign Film (Oliver Tarney, Eddy Joseph, Harry Barnes, Richard Fordham, Paul Conway, Jack Whittaker, Martin Cantwell, Tony Currie, Simon Chase, Stuart Morton, Alex Joseph)
* 59th Writers Guild of America Awards: Best Original Screenplay (Paul Greengrass)
* Bodil Awards: Best American Film
* Boston Society of Film Critics: "1st Runner-Up" Best Picture - "1st Runner-Up" Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Broadcast Film Critics Association : "1st Runner-Up" Best Picture - "1st Runner-Up" Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Chicago Film Critics Association: Best Picture — Best Director (Paul Greengrass) - Best Original Screenplay (Paul Greengrass)
* Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association: "1st Runner-Up" Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Empire Film Awards: Best Film
* International Cinematographers Guild - 44th Publicists Awards: Maxwell Weinberg Award for Top Publicity Campaign
* International Cinephile Society: "1st Runner-Up" Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Irish Film and Television Academy Awards: Best International Film
* Online Film and Television Awards: Best Picture — Best Director (Paul Greengrass) - Best Film Editing (Christopher Rouse, Richard Pearson, Clare Douglas)
* Online Film Critics Society: Best Director (Paul Greengrass) - Best Original Screenplay (Paul Greengrass)
* Southeastern Film Critics Association: "4th Place" Best Picture
* St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association: Best Picture — Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Toronto Film Critics Association: Best Picture — Best Director (Paul Greengrass)
* Utah Film Critics Society: "1st Runner-Up" Best Director (Paul Greengrass) - "1st Runner-Up" Best Screenplay (Paul Greengrass)

DVD

"United 93" was released to DVD on September 5th, 2006, in both widescreen and fullscreen. Also released was a 2-disc Special Limited Edition in widescreen.The 1-disc editions included the following:

*Feature Commentary with Director Paul Greengrass
*United 93: The Families and the Film (videos of each family meeting the actor who plays their lost loved one)
*Memorial Pages

The 2-disc edition included the above special features plus the following:

*Featurette: Chasing Planes-Witnesses to 9/11.

The 1-disc editions are still being produced and shipped into stores, but the special limited edition is now only available online.

ee also

*September 11, 2001 attacks in popular culture
*"The Flight that Fought Back"
*"Flight 93", television film
*"World Trade Center", film
*"I Missed Flight 93"

References

External links

*" [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Gemelas_del_World_Trade_Center "Twin Towers of the World Trade Center (in Spanish).] "
* " [http://www.flight93.net/ United 93] " - Official Movie Website
*imdb title|id=0475276|title=United 93
*rotten-tomatoes|id=united_93|title=United 93
* [http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/united93?q=United%2093 "United 93"] at Metacritic
* " [http://atlanticreview.org/archives/396-German-911-Victim-Defamed-in-United-93-Movie.html German 9/11 Victim Defamed in 'United 93] " (Review focusing on the stereotyping and politics)
* " [http://www.slate.com/id/2140676/ Hijacking the Hijacking, the problem with the United 93 films] " By Ron Rosenbaum, on Slate.com
* [http://www.efilmcritic.com/feature.php?feature=1824 Investigating ‘United 93’: Researching and Honoring a Catastrophe: Part I] by Uri Lessing
* [http://efilmcritic.com/feature.php?feature=1825 Investigating ‘United 93’: Researching and Honoring a Catastrophe: Part II] by Uri Lessing