Great Havana Hurricane of 1846

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Great Havana Hurricane of 1846
Type=hurricane
Year=1846
Basin=Atl
Formed=October 6, 1846
Dissipated=October 14, 1846
1-min winds=140
Pressure=902
Pressurepost=Estimated
Da

Inflated=0
Fatalities=255 direct
Areas=Cuba, Florida, Georgia, Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., Pennsylvania, Atlantic Canada
Hurricane season=1846 Atlantic hurricane seasonThe Great Havana Hurricane of 1846 was a powerful late season hurricane that caused extensive damage and up to 255 deaths as it moved across Cuba, Florida, and the eastern United States before dissipating over the Canadian Maritimes.

Meteorological history

First reported on October 6, the hurricane moved through the Caribbean Sea. It followed a typical track for an Atlantic hurricane in October, moving across southwestern Cuba on October 11 with winds exceeding convert|215|km/h|mph|abbr=on|lk=off and central pressure of convert|940|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=off.cite web|author=Partagas, Jose Fernandez|year=1993|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Landsea/Partagas/impacthurrhist.pdf|title=Impact on Hurricane History of a Revised Lowest Pressure at Havana (Cuba) During the October 11, 1846 Hurricane|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2008-03-23] It turned northward and struck the Florida Keys as a very intense (possibly Category 5) hurricane, with one estimate having a pressure of convert|902|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=off.cite web|author=Ho, F. P|url=http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1846/storm2_pt1_ho.pdf|title=The Key West Hurricane of 1846 - Oct. 11-12 - Part 1|publisher=Historical Hurricane Information Tool|accessdate=2008-03-23]

The storm then paralleled the Florida west coast. Its exact track is unknown because no reports exist from Tampa and Saint Augustine. Modern historians estimate the hurricane hit near Cedar Key during the early hours of October 12 and then moved rapidly to the northeast, remaining inland along the East Coast of the United States. It returned to sea near Boston, Massachusetts on October 14, and likely became extratropical in the following days.cite web|author=Ho, F. P|url=http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1846/storm2_track.pdf|title=Storm 2 - 1846 - Possible Track|publisher=Historical Hurricane Information Tool|accessdate=2008-03-23] cite web|author=Ludlum, David|url=http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1846/storm2_pt3_ludlum.pdf|title=The Great Hurricane of 1846 - Oct. 13-14 - Part III|publisher=Historical Hurricane Information Tool|accessdate=2008-03-23]

Impact

The damage from the storm is mostly unknown but likely severe. Key West reportedly had $200,000 (1846 USD) in damage.

Cuba

The hurricane wrecked 85 merchant ships with convert|30|ft|m|abbr=off|lk=off|adj=on seas. Nearly every building in Havana was demolished and coastal villages were wiped out in a matter of hours. Some disputed reports say 600 people died; the official death toll in Cuba is 163.

Florida

In the Florida Keys, 20 boats and ships were either sunk, dismasted or grounded by the storm. The twin lighthouses at Sand Key and Key West collapsed, drowning people whom had taken refuge in them. The large naval hospital in Key West was severely damaged, and 594 of the island's 600 buildings were either damaged or destroyed.cite web|author=Ludlum, David|url=http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1846/storm2_pt1_ludlum.pdf|title=The Key West Hurricane of 1846 - Oct. 11-12 - Part I|publisher=Historical Hurricane Information Tool|accessdate=2008-03-23] A convert|5|ft|m|abbr=off|lk=off|adj=on storm surge, combined with very strong winds of Category 4 to possibly Category 5 intensity caused about $200,000 dollars (1846 USD) in damage in Key West ($3.96 million 2005 USD). A total of 50 people were reported killed in Key West. The surge washed many corpses out of the cemetery that was located on the beach on the south side of the island. The following year the cemetery was moved to a higher point on the island near Solares Hill. Other parts of the Florida Keys experienced storm surge of up to convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|lk=off, above most of the islands' highest points.

In Cedar Key where landfall likely occurred, hundreds of oak trees were toppled and houses were gutted.

Reportedly, 40 people in mainland Florida lost their lives.

outheast United States

In Savannah, Georgia, the storm was considered the worst hurricane since 1824, causing moderate structural damage. One marine casualty occurred there.

A schooner was lost in Charleston Harbor. The city had minimal structural damage. As it passed, the hurricane's central pressure was less than convert|985|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=off, and rainfall reached convert|4.5|in|mm|abbr=off|lk=off. Tides were reportedly about convert|2|ft|cm|abbr=off|lk=off above normal.

Mid-Atlantic and Northeast

The hurricane caused the Potomac River to reach its highest level in 20 years as tides rose convert|6.9|ft|m|abbr=off|lk=off above normal.cite web|author=Roth, David M|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vaerly19hur.htm|title=Early Nineteenth Century|publisher=Hydrological Prediction Center|accessdate=2008-03-23]

One hundred yards of the Battery was swept away by pounding surf. Widespread structural damage and heavy rainfall were experienced throughout the Northeastern United States as the hurricane was winding down.

In Hartford, Connecticut, hurricane-force winds destroyed a trestle bridge. Numerous apple orchards in Massachusetts were reported ruined. No deaths are attributed to the hurricane's passage over New England.

trength

The Great Havana Hurricane was likely a Category 5 hurricane; however, confirming its intensity would require the accuracy of modern instruments.cite web|author=Swanson, Gail and Wilkinson, Jerry|url=http://www.keyshistory.org/hurricanelist.html|title=Florida Keys Hurricanes of the Last Millennium|publisher=Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys|accessdate=2008-03-23] The earliest officially recorded Category 5 hurricane, the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane did not occur for decades.

In Havana, Cuba, a pressure of convert|940|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=on was recorded, but reports of wind speed at the time are only estimates.

One estimate shows a pressure of convert|902|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=off as the storm crossed the Florida Keys, which would make it the second-strongest U.S. hurricane landfall on record, behind only the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, also in the Florida Keys. In addition, if the pressure estimate is accurate, the hurricane would be tied with Hurricane Katrina as the sixth-most-intense hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic, and easily the most intense hurricane of the 19th century. No Atlantic storm would officially reach or surpass convert|902|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|lk=off until the Labor Day storm in 1935, nearly 90 years later.

References

ee also

*List of tropical cyclones
*List of Atlantic hurricanes
*List of New England hurricanes

ources

*cite encyclopedia |last=Longshore |first=David |author= |authorlink= |coauthors= |editor=Longshore, David |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones |title=Great Havana Hurricane of 1846 |url= |accessdate= |accessyear= |accessmonth= |edition= |date= |year=1998 |month= |publisher=Facts on File |volume= |location=New York |id= |isbn= |doi= |pages=150–151 |quote=
* [http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/1846/ Early 19th Century U.S. Hurricanes Information]