Cantharellales

Cantharellales
The chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Cantharellales Gäum. (1926)
Families
Aphelariaceae    Botryobasidiaceae    Cantharellaceae    Ceratobasidiaceae    Clavulinaceae    Hydnaceae    Tulasnellaceae
Synonyms
Botryobasidiales Jülich Ceratobasidiales Jülich Tulasnellales Rea

The Cantharellales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. The order includes not only the chanterelles (Cantharellaceae), but also some of the tooth fungi (Hydnaceae), clavarioid fungi (Aphelariaceae and Clavulinaceae), and corticioid fungi (Botryobasidiaceae). Species within the order are variously ectomycorrhizal, saprotrophic, associated with orchids, or facultative plant pathogens. Those of economic importance include edible and commercially collected Cantharellus, Craterellus, and Hydnum species as well as crop pathogens in the genera Ceratobasidium and Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia).

Taxonomy

The order was originally proposed in 1926 by German mycologist Ernst Albert Gäumann to accommodate species within the phylum Basidiomycota having "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). On this basis, he included three families within the Cantharellales: the Cantharellaceae (including the Hydnaceae), the Clavulinaceae, and the Exobasidiaceae.^[1] The last group are now placed within the Exobasidiales.^[2]

By 1995, the order had been amended (based on micromorphological research) to include not only the Cantharellaceae, but also the Aphelariaceae, Clavariaceae, Clavariadelphaceae, Clavulinaceae, Craterellaceae, Hydnaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pterulaceae, Scutigeraceae, Sparassidaceae, and Typhulaceae.^[3]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has redefined the Cantharellales.^[4] As well as the Cantharellaceae (chanterelles and their allies, inclusive of the Craterellaceae), the order currently comprises fungi with morphologically diverse sporocarps (fruit bodies) within the Aphelariaceae (clavarioid fungi), Botryobasidiaceae (corticioid fungi), Ceratobasidiaceae (heterobasidiomycetes), Clavulinaceae (clavarioid fungi), Hydnaceae (tooth fungi), and Tulasnellaceae (heterobasidiomycetes). The Clavariaceae, Physalacriaceae, Pterulaceae, and Typhulaceae, previously included within the order, are now placed within the Agaricales; the Clavariadelphaceae are now in the Gomphales; the Sparassidaceae in the Polyporales. The Scutigeraceae have been replaced by the Albatrellaceae within the Russulales.^[2] According to a 2008 estimate, the order contains 7 families, 38 genera, and 544 species.^[5]

Habitat and distribution

Most fungi within the order are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with certain trees, shrubs, and other vascular plants.^[6] Species in the Botryobasidiaceae are believed to be saprotrophs of fallen wood and leaf litter.^[7] Species in the Ceratobasidiaceae are also saprotrophs, but some are capable of becoming facultative plant pathogens. Species in the Tulasnellaceae are saprotrophic, but are also associated with orchid mycorrhiza, as are some species in the Ceratobasidiaceae.^[8] Distribution is cosmopolitan.

Economic importance

Sporocarps (fruit bodies) of chanterelles and some Hydnum species, particularly Hydnum repandum, are edible and widely collected on a commercial scale. They are marketed fresh or processed and traded internationally.^[6][9] Several species in the Ceratobasidiaceae, notably Rhizoctonia solani, cause significant diseases of cereals and other commercial crops, as well as turf grass.^[10][8]

• 

  Aphelaria cf. complanata (Aphelariaceae)
• 

  Botryobasidium vagum (Botryobasidiaceae)
• 

  Craterellus cornucopioides (Cantharellaceae)
• 

  Clavulina coralloides (Clavulinaceae)
• 

  Hydnum repandum (Hydnaceae)
• 

  Tulasnella violea (Tulasnellaceae)

References

1. ^ Gäumann, E. (1926). Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze. Jena: Gustav Fischer. 
2. ^ ^{a b} http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp
3. ^ Hawksworth DL, Kirk PM, Sutton BC, Pegler DN. (eds) (1995). Dictionary of the Fungi. 8th Ed.. Wallingford, Oxford: CABI. ISBN 0851988857. 
4. ^ Moncalvo J-M et al. (2006). "The cantharelloid clade: dealing with incongruent gene trees and phylogenetic reconstruction methods". Mycologia 98 (6): 937–948. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.937. PMID 17486970.  http://www1.univap.br/drauzio/index_arquivos/Myco11.pdf
5. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 116. ISBN 9780851998268. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Pegler DN, Roberts PJ, Spooner BM. (1997). British chanterelles and tooth fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 1900347156. 
7. ^ Langer G. (1994). Die Gattung Botryobasidium Donk. Berlin: J. Cramer. ISBN 3443590608. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Roberts P. (1999). Rhizoctonia-forming fungi. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. pp. 239. ISBN 1900347695. 
9. ^ Persson O. (1998). The chanterelle book. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. pp. 120. ISBN 0898159474. 
10. ^ Sneh B, Jabaji-Hare S, Neate S, Dijst G. (eds) (1996). Rhizoctonia species: taxonomy, molecular biology, ecology, pathology, and disease control. Dordrecht: Kluwer. pp. 578. ISBN 0792336445.