1973 Khartoum diplomatic assassinations

The Khartoum diplomatic assassinations were the killing of three Western diplomats held hostage between 1 March 1973 and 3 March 1973 in the Saudi embassy in Khartoum, capital city of Sudan. They were murdered by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September.

Hostage-taking

In the evening of 1 March 1973, a reception was underway for the US Deputy Chief of Mission to Sudan, George Curtis Moore, at the Saudi embassy in Khartoum. Moore was soon to be reassigned to another post in the United States.

At some point in the evening, eight masked men from Black September entered the building and fired shots. There was little or no security for the reception on this particular evening. Protection was normally provided by the local police, but no units were provided, presumably because all available units were preparing for "National Unity Day," the first anniversary of the end of hostilities between rebels and the Sudanese government (see First Sudanese Civil War). The terrorists succeeded in detaining ten hostages. The hostages were:
*Guy Eid, Belgian Chargé d'affaires to Sudan
*Sheikh Abdullah al Malhouk, Saudi Ambassador to Sudan
*Wife of Sheikh Abdullah al Malhouk
*Malhouk's four children
*George Curtis Moore, US Deputy Chief of Mission to Sudan
*Adli al Nasser, Jordanian Chargé d'affaires to Sudan
*Cleo A. Noel, Jr., US Ambassaor to Sudan

Demands and negotiations

The morning after the hostages had been taken, the terrorists demanded the release of numerous Palestinian militants held by the Israelis. They also demanded the release of members of the Baader-Meinhof Group in West Germany, who were sympathetic to the Palestinian cause. The release of Sirhan Sirhan, the Palestinian native who assassinated U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy was also demanded. The terrorists eventually dropped their demands on the Israelis and West Germans, but instead demanded the release of ninety Arab militants who were currently being held by the Jordanian government.

Their demands were to be met within twenty-four hours or all hostages were to be killed. However, within twelve hours, the terrorists had made clear to negotiators they had murdered three of the ten hostages: Mr. Noel, 54; Mr. Moore, 47; Mr. Eid, 38. All those killed represented western governments. The terrorists refused to release the bodies of the murdered men.

The terrorists then demanded a plane to take them and their hostages to the United States. Both the Sudanese and US governments rejected this demand. In a news conference on 2 March, President Richard Nixon said that the United States would do everything it could to obtain the release of the hostages but would "not pay blackmail."

The Sudanese government continued to negotiate with the terrorists, but refused to compromise or meet any of the group's demands. Within sixty hours, the eight gunmen released the remaining hostages, all of whom were Arab, and surrendered to Sudanese authorities.

Trials and convictions

In October 1973, charges against two of the terrorists were dropped for insufficient evidence. A court of inquiry commenced to try the remaining six in June 1974. The court sentenced the six to life imprisonment. The US government unsuccessfully lobbied the Sudanese government to put them to death.

Sudanese President Nimeiri immediately commuted the sentences of the remaining six terrorists to seven years. Nimeiri then released the six into the custody of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). The next day, the PLO sent the six to Egypt where they were to serve their sentences. In protest of this, the United States withdrew its ambassador to Sudan and froze economic assistance to Sudan in June. The US ambassador returned in November of the same year and aid resumed in 1976.

Three of the Black September terrorists disappeared from Egyptian custody and were never recaptured. The remaining three served out their sentences.

The United States has also tried to prosecute Yasser Arafat in the United States for his role in event. However, John Bolton, then Assistant Attorney General at the Department of Justice, in 1986 concluded that the U.S. government did not have the legal jurisdiction for trying Arafat, as the appropriate statutory laws were not yet in force in 1973. [cite news | title = Prosecution Of Arafat Rejected | publisher = Washington Post | date = 1986-04-22]

Fatah and Arafat connections

The Palestinian terrorist group Black September was named after the anti-Fatah action carried out at the behest of King Hussein of Jordan in September 1970. The group gained notoriety with the kidnapping and eventual murder of eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, during the Munich massacre.

It has been recently confirmed that Black September was acting on behalf of Yasser Arafat's Fatah terrorist group, and the Munich massacre may have been ordered or directed by Arafat. [cite web | url = http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf | title = The Seizure of the Saudi Arabian Embassy in Khartoum | publisher = United States Department of State | date = 2006-05-04] Fact|date=June 2007 The Khartoum assassinations further cemented a connection to Arafat and Fatah.Fact|date=June 2007 The United States Department of State officially knew of the Arafat-led Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and Fatah of assisting in planning and directing the hostage-taking and assassinations.Fact|date=June 2007 Yasser Arafat had offered to intervene to end the crisis. This move was viewed by some as an attempt to publicly distance himself and his groups from Black September and the Khartoum crisis.Fact|date=June 2007

References

* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/1/newsid_4209000/4209239.stm BBC this day in history - 1 March 1973]
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/plobso.html Possible US State Department transmission regarding Black September]
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5902.htm US State Department list of terrorist incidents]
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5424.htm US State Department background note on Sudan]
* [http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=1756 Khartoum background]
* [http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=1057 Terrorism Knowledge Base]
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e6/67234.htm U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian]
* [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/67584.pdf U.S. Department of State, Declassified Memorandum]
* [http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=10855 Who Murdered Cleo Noel? (FrontPage Magazine)]
* [http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=22454 Ex-NSA op asks Congress to probe Arafat murders]

ee also

*Black September
*Yasser Arafat
*Palestine Liberation Organization
*United States Department of State
*Munich massacre
*Terrorism
*Pan Am Flight 110
*List of terrorist incidents
*List of assassinated people
* List of assassinated American politicians
* John Granville