Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde

Field Marshal The Lord Clyde GCB, KCSI
Lord Clyde in 1855
Nickname	Sir Crawling Camel
Born	October 20, 1792 Glasgow, Scotland
Died	14 August 1863(1863-08-14) (aged 70) Chatham, Kent, England
Buried at	Westminster Abbey
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1808 – 1860
Rank	Field Marshal
Unit	9th Regiment of Foot, 60th Regiment of Foot, 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot & 98th Regiment of Foot
Commands held	Highland Brigade Commander-in-Chief of India
Battles/wars	Peninsular War Battle of Vimeiro Battle of Corunna Battle of the Bidassoa Siege of San Sebastián War of 1812 First Opium War Second Anglo-Sikh War Battle of Chillianwala Battle of Gujrat Crimean War Battle of Alma Battle of Balaclava Indian Mutiny Siege of Lucknow
Awards	GCB, KCSI

Field Marshal Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde GCB, KSI (20 October 1792 – 14 August 1863) was a British Army officer from Scotland who led the Highland Brigade in the Crimea and was in command of the ‘Thin red line’ at the battle of Balaclava. He later commanded the relief army in the Indian Mutiny of 1857.

Early life

He was born Colin Macliver, the eldest of the four children of John Macliver, a carpenter in Glasgow, Scotland, and his wife Agnes Campbell.^[1] He was educated at the High School of Glasgow, but the age of ten, his mother's brother Colonel John Campbell placed him in the Royal Military and Naval Academy at Gosport. When he was only fifteen and a half, his uncle presented him to the Duke of York. The Duke enlisted the boy under the surname of Campbell, which he adopted for life.^[2]

Military career

One year later, aged sixteen, he obtained an ensignancy in the 9th Regiment of Foot through the influence of his uncle. His first opportunity at active service soon came. He fought under Wellington at the Battle of Vimeiro.^[1] He later retreated with the rest of Sir John Moore's army to Corunna, and was present at the Battle of Corunna.^[1] He fought throughout the Peninsular War, and was severely wounded while leading a storming party in the attack on San Sebastián.^[1] He was again wounded at the passage of the Bidassoa^[1] and compelled to return to the United Kingdom, where his conspicuous gallantry was rewarded by promotion.

Colin Campbell with William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst

Commands

Campbell served in Nova Scotia with the 7th Battalion, 60th Regiment in the War of 1812.^[3] After the peace of 1815, he devoted himself to studying military science. In 1823, he quelled the slave rebellion in Demerara, and two years later bought himself a major's rank.^[1] In 1832, he became lieutenant-colonel of the 98th Foot and rendered distinguished service in 1842 during the First Opium War.^[1] Campbell next saw action in India, in the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848-1849, under Sir Hugh Gough.^[1] He was wounded at the battle of Chillianwala. At the decisive victory of Gujrat, his skill and valour contributed largely to the success of the British forces; his "steady coolness and military precision" were highly praised in official despatches. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1849, and specially named in the thanks of Parliament.^[1]

Crimean War

After further service in India, Campbell returned home in 1853. The next year, the Crimean War broke out, and he accepted the command of the Highland Brigade, which formed part of the Duke of Cambridge's division.^[1] The brigade and its leader distinguished themselves very greatly at the Battle of Alma;^[1] and with his "thin red line of Highlanders" he repulsed the Russian attack on Balaclava.^[1] At the close of the war, Sir Colin was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Bath, and elected honorary D.C.L. of Oxford University.

Commander-in-Chief of India

Interior of the Secundra Bagh after the Slaughter of 2,000 Rebels by the 93rd Highlanders and 4th Punjab Regiment. First Attack of Sir Colin Campbell in November 1857, Lucknow. Albumen silver print, by Felice Beato, 1858.

His military ability had been late in being recognised; but his true worth was soon appreciated. In 1857 what started as a mutiny of sepoy soldiers in India spread to a general insurrection in the north of the areas of India controlled by the East India Company. The initial successes of the rebellion lead Lord Palmerston to offer him the command of British forces there on July 11, 1857. ^[1] On being asked when he would be ready to set out, Campbell replied, "Within twenty-four hours." He left England the next evening, and reached Calcutta on August 13. After spending over two months in the capital to organize his resources, he started for the front on October 27, and on November 17 relieved Lucknow for the second time. Campbell, however, considered Lucknow a false position, and once more abandoned it to the rebels, retaking it in March 1858. He continued in charge of the operations in Oudh until the embers of the revolt had died away.^[1] For these services he was raised to the peerage in 1858 as Baron Clyde, of Clydesdale in Scotland.^[4] After returning to the United Kingdom in the next year, he received the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and a pension of £2000 a year.^[1] He was promoted to Field Marshal in 1862.

Legacy and assessment

Despite lacking the dash which won Britain so many victories in India, Campbell was regarded as a brave soldier and a careful and prudent leader. The soldiers whom he led were devotedly attached to him; and he commanded unvarying respect. Nicknames given by those who disliked his safety-first style of generalship, included 'Sir Crawling Camel' and 'Old Slowcoach'.

Lord Clyde never married and the barony became extinct on his death in August 1863, aged 70. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. A statue was erected to him in his native town, (see Glasgow's public statues) from whom he had also received the Sword of Honour, one of many he received from throughout Britain. Another statue of him, by Carlo Marochetti, was erected in Waterloo Place, London, in 1867. The town of Clyde, New Zealand was named after him in 1865. The town of Campbellpore (Campbellpur), Attock in present day Pakistan, was named after him in 1908.

See also

• 9th Regiment of Foot
• 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot
• 98th Regiment of Foot

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} T.A. Heathcote, The British Field Marshals 1736 - 1997, Page 60, 1999, ISBN 0 85052 6965
2. ^ Archibald Forbes. Colin Cambell. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r8pJCWpTDf4C&lpg=PA3&ots=4M38UiTePH&dq=Colin%20Campbell%20Macliver&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q=Colin%20Campbell%20Macliver&f=false. Retrieved 5 February 2010. 
3. ^ Marjie Bloy, Ph.D. "The Victorian Web: Sir Colin Cambell, 1792-1863". http://www.victorianweb.org/history/crimea/campbell.html. Retrieved 22 February 2010. 
4. ^ London Gazette: no. 22171. p. 3667. 6 August 1858.

• Sir Owen Tudor Burne, Clyde and Siratlinairn ("Rulers of India" series, 1891)
• L Shadwell, Life of Cohn Campbell, Lord Clyde (1881).
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

External links

• Archival material relating to Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde listed at the UK National Register of Archives

Military offices
Preceded by Sir Patrick Grant	Commander-in-Chief, India 1857–1861	Succeeded by The Lord Strathnairn
Peerage of the United Kingdom
New creation	Baron Clyde 1858–1863	Extinct

Persondata
Name	Clyde, Colin Campbell, 1st Baron
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	20 October 1792
Place of birth	Glasgow, Scotland
Date of death	14 August 1863
Place of death	Chatham, Kent, England