Caste system in Sri Lanka

The Caste system in Sri Lanka is a division of society into strata, differing somewhat from the classic "Varnas" of North India but is similar in nature to the Jāti system found in South India. The fourfold caste model in Sri Lanka's pre-British period Sinhala history and literature was: "Raja", "Bamunu", "Velenda" and "Govi". Ancient Sri lankan texts such as the "Pujavaliya", "Sadharmaratnavaliya" and "Yogaratnakaraya" and inscriptional evidence show that the above hierarchy prevailed throughout the feudal period. The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even as recently as the 18th century, in the British / Kandyan period "Kadayimpoth" - Boundary books as well, indicates the continuation of the tradition right up to the end of Sri Lanka’s monarchy.

It is one of many caste systems in the world. As everywhere, a Sri Lankan caste can be functional, religious, ethnic, tribal or even composite in origin.

History

Caste as we know it today appears to have been introduced to Sri Lanka by Prakrit-language-speakers from North India. Whether the similar Jāti like separation of society existed prior to this invasion is unknown. There is evidence, in early historical chronicles, of the main Vedic castes in the early Anuradhapura era, although it is possible that these categories were used as a literary convention. It has been posited by Bryce Ryan and others that the system as it exists in Sri Lanka is a preservation of that of early or pre-Vedic India, which bore little relation to the classic "varna" model.

The introduction of Buddhism in the 3rd century BCE blunted the edge of the system somewhat. However, there is a reference to King Dutugemunu Abhaya's son, Saliya choosing to lose caste by marrying Asokamala, a Chandala or outcaste woman, in the 2nd century BC, indicating that caste taboos remained in place.

The later caste system seems to have evolved as much through waves of ethnic migration as by delineation by occupation. Also Sri Lankan monarchs seem to have overwhelmingly depended on South Indian manpower for functional needs such as menial tasks, weaving, crafts and ritual drumming.

Sinhalese Castes

As a result of the Mudaliyar class created by the British in the 19th century, the majority caste among the Sinhalese population now is the Goyigama. It appears that the Goyigama comprise at least half the Sinhalese population. The traditional occupation of this caste is cultivation, and most members are still farmers in villages almost everywhere in Sri Lanka. In traditional Sinhalese society, they were the peasants but their status improved dramatically after the collapse of Sri Lanka's traditional feudal system. Changes to land ownership concepts introduced by the Dutch liberated them from their bonds to the land. The Sinhalese system is divided between the Kandyan and Low country.

Kandyan Castes

In the Central Highlands, some traditions of the Kingdom of Kandy survived after its collapse in 1818, preserved in unique forms of the caste system until the post independence period. The most important feature of the old system was rajakariya, or the "king's work," which linked each caste to a specific occupation and demanded services for the court and religious institutions.

The connection of caste and job is still stronger in the Central Highlands, and at events such as the Kandy Perahera, an annual festival honoring Hindu gods and the Buddha, the various castes still perform traditional functions. The Goyigama in the highlands differ from those of the low country because they preserve occupational divisions within the caste such as herdsmen (Patti), woodcutters (Porowakara) etc. In the low country, these sub castes within the Goyigama have faded away, and high status is marked by European titles and degrees rather than the older, feudal titles. Honorific titles hearkening back to ancestral homes, manors or vasagama, or noble houses or gedara still marked the pedigrees of the old nobility in the 1980s, and marriages between members of these families and common Goyigama were rare.

In the Kandy District of the highlands live the Batgama or Padu, another caste of agricultural laborers who have escaped the British period consolidation of the cultivator caste. Also untouchable Rodiya and the Kinnaraya who display the vestiges of a hunter gather tribe, were traditionally segregated from other groups because of their menial status. Living in all areas are service groups, such as the Hena or Rada, traditional washermen who still dominate the laundry trade; the Berava, traditional temple drummers who work as cultivators in many villages; and the Navandanna or Achari types are traditional artisans. The highland interior is home to the Vahumpura, or traditional makers of jaggery (a sugar made from palm sap), who have spread throughout the country in a wide variety of occupations, especially agriculture.

outhern Castes

There are still major differences between the caste structures of the highlands and those of the low country, although some service groups are common to both. The southwest coast is home to three major castes other than the majority Goyigama common to both Low Country and Up Country, whose ancestors are believed have migrated from South India but who have become important actors in the Sinhalese social system: the Karave, the Durava and the Salagama.

These groups have exploited their traditional occupations and their coastal positions to accumulate wealth and influence during the colonial period. By the late twentieth century, members of southern castes, especially by the karavas, had moved to all parts of the country, occupied high business and academic positions. Formerly untouchable Rodiya and Kinnaraya are also found in the low country.

Castes amongst Sri Lankan Tamils

Currently among the Sri Lankan Tamils, some of the equivalent Sinhalese castes are:

*Vellalar equivalent to Govigama
*Karaiyar equivalent to Karava
*Paraiyar equivalent to Berava
*Nalavar equivalent to Durave
*Pallar equivalent to Batgama
*Saliyar equivalent to Salagama
*Thurumbar equivalent to Hina

These duplications might have arisen due to similar social structure of caste throughout South Indian cultural zone as well as migrations and fusions in the past.

There is also a caste called "Koviar", the some members of which claim to be Sinhalese "Govigama" isolated in Tamil areas after the Jaffna Kingdom conquest of the North. Just like amongst the Sinhalese, the caste structure of the Northern Tamils is somewhat different compared to the Eastern Tamils. Northern Tamil caste system is mostly dominated by the Vellalar except in some coastal regions where Karaiyar have numerical and ritual superiority over others. In the East coast, the fisher castes are dominant numerically that they have used to create ritual superiority over other castes except the Vellalar who seem to be newer arrivals from the North. Paradoxically, Mukkuvars who are at the bottom of the caste hierarchy in the North are almost at the top in the East.

Castes amongst Hill Country Tamils

The Tamils of Indian origin or Hill Country Tamils who were brought over by the British as indentured labour were mainly from the lower Indian castes; the South Indian categories came over with them.

Their caste structure resembles that of a Tamil Nadu village. Those who are considered to be of higher castes such as Maravar, Kallar, Agamudaiyar and Vellalar occupied the first row of line rooms. They performed respectable jobs such as factory work and grinding of tea. They worked as minor employees too. Even though they belong to the labor category they were influential among conductors, tea makers, Kanganies or supervisors and other officials.

The workers considered low castes lived in the dwellings that are away from the center and these dwellings are called distant or lower Lines. This group consists of Pallar, Paraiyars, Sakkiliar, Washers and Barbers. The yard sweepers and changers of clothes are in the lowest rank. Other Tamils were already there as a cause of Indian Tamils brought over to be converted into Sri Lankan Tamils.

Non Sinhalese and Tamil castes

The COLOMBO CHETTIES

Historically the caste system accepted was Raja Bamunu Welenda Govi, the Colombo Chetties are from the Welenda Caste.The term Chetty is interpreted as Setti or Setthi in Pali, Hetti , Situ or Sitana in Sinhalese and as Etti in Tamil. The Colombo Chetties are of the Tana Vaisya stock, according to Rev Fr Boschi the Vaisyas were the nobility of the land and were devided into various sub-divisions or castes, the highest of these sub-devisions was the Tana Vaisya or Chetties followed by the Pu Vaisya and Ko Vaisya etc: The Tana Vaisyas originally inhabited areas close to Coorg and Benares, although they do not wish to be part of the Caste System of both the Sinhalese and the tamils, they are a highly respected community.Historians believe that King Vasaba (BC 65-100) who inaugurated the Lamba karana dynasty from Dumbara Minipe Valley is a descendent of Prince Sumitta and as such of the Tana Vaisya stock. The Lamba Karana dynasty ruled Sri Lanka for nearly 350 years up to King Jattagahaka (BC. 432), a total of 26 Kings.

Importance of ethnicity versus caste

It appears that caste was more important than ethnicity until comparatively recently. In pre-British times, the "Govigama" were classed as "Vellala" by the colonial authorities. Eurasians and South Indian "Chetties" were absorbed into the southern Sinhalese "Govigamas". Cross-ethnic marriage was fairly common. Several so called 'first class Govigama'families (i.e. those of the ranks of 'superior colonial headman') are descended from a mixure of Govigama men and European women.

Religion and caste

In the case of Tamil caste system, Religious practice tends to reinforce it. In the feudal era, people of low castes were not allowed into the shrines of the major gods. The priests of the gods "Brahmin" or other native priests among the Tamils. There were no such restrictions in the Buddhist order. "Devil Dancers" , exorcists, healers and sorcerers were drawn from the caste of tom-tom-beaters Berava.

In the 19th century the Amarapura and Ramanna sects were formed to allow non-Govigama priests to be ordained. This was in opposition to the Siyam Nikaya which had converted itself into a Govigama preserve within a few decades of its formation in the 18th century. In the late 1960s, there were a series of "Temple Struggles" in the northern Jaffna district, during which members of lower castes forced their way into Hindu temples, establishing their right of entry.

List of Sri Lankan Castes

inhalese system

Kandyan Castes

* Ahinkuntaya - Gypsies
* Badahäla (Kumbal) - Potters
* Bathgama - Traditionally cultivators. Called Palanquin bearers during the British period
* Berava - Tom-tom beaters
* Govigama - Traditional cultivators and herdsmen
* Haali- Weavers, no longer found, but see Salagama
* Hannali - Tailors
* Hunu - Lime burners
* Kinnaraya - Outcastes
* Navandanna - Artisans (many subcategories)
* Pamunu - Tenant farmers
* Panna - Grass cutters
* Pannikki - Barbers
* Patti- Herdsmen
* Porowakara - Wood cutters
* Radala - Nobility of the Kandyan Kingdom
* Rajaka - Dhobies, Washermen
* Rodiya - Outcastes
* Wahumpura - Jaggery makers

outhern Castes

* Ahinkuntaya – Gypsies
* Badahäla (Kumbal) - Potters
* Berava - Tom-tom beaters
* Demala Gattara - Tamil Outcastes
* Durava - Traditional Soldiers. Described as Toddy tappers after the British period
* Gattara - Cultivators
* Govigama - Traditional cultivators and herdsmen
* Hannali - Tailors
* Hinna - Washers to the Salagama
* Karava - Traditional fishermen
* Navandanna - Artisans (Many subcategories)
* Pamunu - Tenant farmers
* Pannikki - Barbers
* Porowakara - Wood cutters
* Rajaka (Hena) - Washermen
* Rodiya - Outcastes
* Salagama - Traditional Soldiers and cinnamon peelers
* Wahumpura - Jaggery makers

ri Lanka Tamil system

Due to modernization and assimilation, most northern Tamil castes are no longer found.

Northern Castes

* Agamudaiar or landholders, very few families but identify with Vellalas
* Chettiar or merchants, no longer found
* Idayar or herders, no longer found
* Kadeyar or lime burners, no longer found
* Karaiyar or fishers
* Koviar or temple workers
* Madapalli or landholders, no longer found
* Maravar or landholders, no longer found fused with Vellalar or Karaiyar
* Mukkuvar or fishers
* Nalavar or toddy tappers
* Pallar or farm hands
* Palliwilli or fishers
* Pandaram or temple workers and native priests
* Paraiyar or tom-tom beaters
* Paravar or fishers
* Piramanar or Brahmin priests
* Sanar or Nadar, very few families
* Sempadavar or fishers
* Seniyar or Saliyar or weavers, no longer found
* Siviar or royal palanquin bearers, no longer found
* Thanakarar or Royal stable workers, no longer found
* Thimilar or fishers
* Thurumbar Washers for toddy tappers and other low-caste families
* Vadugar or soldiers, no longer found
* Vellalar or landholders

A special category called Kudimakkal was divided along

* Navidar or Ampattar or barbers
* Koller or black smiths
* Tattar or gold smiths
* Kannar or brass founders, no longer found
* Thatcher or carpenters
* Sitper or masons, no longer found
* Paner' or tailors, no longer found
* Vaniyar or oil workers, no longer found
* kussavar or potters
* Wannar or washer men

Eastern Castes

* Cirpatakkarar* or landholders
* Kaikkulavar or weavers
* Karaiyar or land holders, fishers and farm hands
* Mukkuvar or land holders, fishers and farm hands
* Tattar or gold smiths
* Thanakkarar
* Thatcher or carpenters
* Thimilar or land holders, fishers and farm hands
* Vanniar* or landholders
* Vellalar or landholders
* Vettar* or hunters

A special category called Siraikudi or enslaved groups similar to northern Kudimakkal is divided along
* Matular'*
* Koil Pantaram' or native priests
* Pantarappillai or native priests
* Kussavar or potters
* Koller or black smiths
* Mutalikal*
* Valipan*
* Nampikal*
* Wannar or washer men
* Navidar/Ampattar or barbers
* Nadar or toddy tappers
* Pallar or farmhands
* Paraiyar or tom-tom beaters
* Koviar' or temple workers
* Tavacikal*
* Kataiyar*

Castes marked with the asterisk (*) are found only in Batticaloa.

References

* Bryce Ryan, "Caste in Modern Ceylon", Rutgers University Press, 1953.
* 1855 Ceylon Gazetteer Page 55.
* Social Change in Nineteenth Century Ceylon. Patrick Peebles. 1995, Navrang ISBN 81-7013-141-3

External links

* [http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/SriLanka.html Traditional Sri Lanka – Codification of Caste system. An out-dated report from 1988]
* [http://www.ozlanka.com/reviews/caste.htm Caste Conflict and Elite Formation: the Rise of the Karava Elite in Sri Lanka]
* [http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13181.html Caste amongst the Sinhalese. An out-dated report from 1988]
* [http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13182.html Caste amongst Sri Lankan Tamils]
* [http://www.craftrevival.org/Extralinks.asp?PageCode=P00014 Janvamsa, an important treatise of ancient Sri Lanka]
* [http://www.tamilnation.org/conferences/cnfUS91/pfaffenberger.htm#SOCIOPOLITICAL Socio-political organization of Sri Lankan Tamils by Professor Brian Pfaffenberger]
*Linda Brady (2005).Colonials, bourgeoisies and media dynasties: A case study of Sri Lankan media. [http://www.ejournalist.com.au/v5n2/brady2521.pdf Ejournalist, vol 5(2)]