Cold Comfort Farm

Cold Comfort Farm
1935 edition
Author(s)	Stella Gibbons
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Genre(s)	Comic novel
Publisher	Longmans
Publication date	1932
Media type	Print (Hardback)
Pages	xii, 307 pp
ISBN	0141441593 (current Penguin Classics edition)

Cold Comfort Farm is a comic novel by Stella Gibbons, published in 1932. It parodies the romanticised, sometimes doom-laden accounts of rural life popular at the time, by writers such as Mary Webb. Gibbons was working for the Evening Standard in 1928 when they decided to serialise Webb's first novel, The Golden Arrow, and had the job of summarising the plot of earlier installments. Other novelists in the tradition parodied by Cold Comfort Farm are D. H. Lawrence, Sheila Kaye-Smith and Thomas Hardy; and going further back, Mary E Mann and the Brontë sisters.

Plot summary

The heroine, Flora, stays at Aunt Ada Doom's isolated farm in the fictional village of Howling in Sussex (Patcham Court Farm). As is typical in a certain genre of romantic nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century literature, each of the farm's inhabitants has some long-festering emotional problem caused by ignorance, hatred or fear, and the farm is badly run. Flora, being a level-headed, urban woman, applies modern common sense to their problems and helps them all adapt to the twentieth century.

Inspirations

As parody of the "loam and lovechild" genre of historical novel, Cold Comfort Farm alludes specifically to a number of novels both in the past and currently in vogue when Gibbons was writing. According to Faye Hammill's Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars, the works of Sheila Kaye-Smith and Mary Webb are the chief influence.^[1] According to Hammill, the farm is modelled on Dormer House in Webb's The House in Dormer Forest, and Aunt Ada Doom on Mrs. Velindre in the same book.^[1] The farm-obsessed Reuben's original is in Kaye-Smith's Sussex Gorse, and the Quivering Brethren on the Colgate Brethren in Kaye-Smith's Susan Spray.^[1]

The speech of the Sussex characters is a parody of rural dialects (in particular Sussex and West Country accents — another parody of novelists who use phonics to portray various accents and dialects) and is sprinkled with fake but authentic-sounding local vocabulary such as mollocking (Seth's favourite activity, undefined but invariably resulting in the pregnancy of a local maid), sukebind (a weed whose flowering in the Spring symbolises the quickening of sexual urges in man and beast; the word is presumably formed by analogy to 'woodbine' (honeysuckle) and bindweed) and clettering (an impractical method used by Adam for washing dishes, which involves scraping them with a dry twig or clettering stick).

Her portrayal of "Mr Mybug" may have been aimed at Hampstead intellectuals (particularly Freudians and admirers of D. H. Lawrence), but has also been seen as anti-semitic in its description of his physiognomy and nameplay (Meyerburg).^{[citation needed]}

Sequels and responses

Sheila Kaye-Smith, often said to be one of the rural writers parodied by Gibbons in CCF, arguably gets her own back with a tongue-in-cheek reference to CCF within a subplot of A Valiant Woman (1939), set in a rapidly modernising village (Pearce:2008). Upper middle-class teenager, Lucia, turns from writing charming rural poems to a great Urban Proletarian Novel: "… all about people who aren't married going to bed in a Manchester slum and talking about the Means Test." Her philistine grandmother is dismayed: she prefers ‘cosy’ rural novels, and knows Lucia is ignorant of proletarian life:

"That silly child! Did she really think she could write a novel? Well, of course, modern novels might encourage her to think so. There was nothing written nowadays worth reading. The book on her knee was called Cold Comfort Farm and had been written by a young woman who was said to be very clever and had won an important literary prize. But she couldn't get on with it at all. It was about life on a farm, but the girl obviously knew nothing about country life. To anyone who, like herself, had always lived in the country, the whole thing was too ridiculous and impossible for words."

Kaye-Smith layers the ironies here within a subtext of contesting claims to authenticity. Not only does the older woman fail to recognise CCF is a comedy, but her family own farms and hires labourers and managers rather than actually working the land themselves; nor have they ever had to try to make a basic living from their own manual labour. Like the heroine of the novel, Kaye-Smith herself was a middle-class townie who moved to a small village, where she converted an old oasthouse to a large modern home. However Kaye-Smith generously allows Lucia to succeed: her novel The Price of Bread is published (by a left-wing book club) and becomes a success.

---

Characters (in order of appearance)

In London:

• Flora Poste: the heroine, a nineteen-year old from London whose parents are deceased.
• Mary Smiling: a widow, Flora's friend in London.
• Charles Fairford: Flora's cousin in London, studying to become a parson.

In Howling, Sussex:

• Judith Starkadder: Flora's cousin, wife of Amos. She has an unhealthy passion for her own son Seth.
• Seth Starkadder: younger son of Amos and Judith. Handsome and over-sexed. Has a passion for the movies.
• Ada Doom: Judith's mother, a reclusive, miserly widow, owner of the farm, who constantly complains of having seen "something nasty in the woodshed" when she was a girl.
• Adam Lambsbreath: 90 year old farm hand, obsessed with his cows and with Elfine.
• Mark Dolour: farm hand.
• Amos Starkadder: Judith's husband, and hellfire preacher at the Church of the Quivering Brethren. ("Ye're all damned!")
• Amos's half-cousins: Micah, married to Susan; Urk, a bachelor who wants to marry Elfine; Ezra, married to Jane; Caraway, married to Lettie; Harkaway.
• Amos's half-brothers: Luke, married to Prue; Mark, divorced from Susan and married to Phoebe.
• Reuben Starkadder: Amos's heir, jealous of anyone who stands between him and his inheritance of the farm.
• Meriam Beetle: hired girl, and mother of Seth's four children.
• Elfine: an intellectual, outdoor-loving girl of the Starkadder family, who is besotted with the local squire, Richard Hawk-Monitor of Hautcouture (pronounced "Howchiker") Hall.
• Mrs Beetle: cleaning lady, rather more sensible than the Starkadders.
• Mrs Murther: landlady of The Condemn'd Man public house.
• Mr Meyerburg (whom Flora thinks of as "Mr Mybug"): a writer who pursues Flora and insists that she only refuses him because she is sexually repressed. He is working on a thesis that the works of the Brontë sisters were written by their brother Branwell Brontë.
• Rennet: unwanted daughter of Susan and Mark
• Dr Müdel: psychoanalyst.

And also:

• Graceless, Aimless, Feckless and Pointless: the farm's cows, and Adam Lambsbreath's chief charge. Occasionally given to losing extremities.
• Viper: the horse, pulls the trap which is the farm's main transportation
• Big Business: the bull, spends most of his time inside the barn.

The interrelations of the characters are complex. The family tree below is an attempt to illustrate them as they stand at the end of the novel.

Starkadder Family Tree

Flora's solutions

The novel ends when Flora, with the aid of her handbook The Higher Common Sense, has solved each character's problem. These solutions are:

• Meriam: Flora introduces her to the concept of contraception.
• Seth: Flora introduces him to a Hollywood film director, Earl P. Neck, who hires him as a screen idol.
• Amos: Flora persuades him to buy a Ford van and become a travelling preacher. He loses interest in running the farm and hands it over to Reuben.
• Elfine: Flora teaches her some social graces and dress sense so that Richard Hawk-Monitor falls in love with her.
• Urk: forgets his desire for Elfine and marries Meriam.
• Mr Mybug: falls in love with and marries Rennet.
• Judith: Flora hires a psychoanalyst, Dr Müdel, who, over lunch, transfers Judith's obsession from Seth to himself until he can set her interest on old churches instead.
• Ada: Flora uses a copy of Vogue magazine to tempt her to join the twentieth century, and spend some of her fortune on living the high life in Paris.
• Adam: is given a job as cow-herd at Hautcouture Hall.
• Graceless, Aimless, Feckless and Pointless: go with Adam to Hautcouture Hall
• Big Business: Flora lets him out into the sunlight.
• Flora: marries Charles.

Futurism

An aspect of the novel overlooked by many recent adaptations is that the story was set in the future. Although the book was published in 1932, the setting is an unspecified near future, containing developments that Gibbons thought might have been invented by then, such as TV phones and air taxis. The book also refers (usually facetiously) to future social/demographic changes, such as the degradation of Mayfair into a slum district. She did seem to have predicted a Second World War - the "the Anglo-Nicaraguan wars of '46" are alluded to in the experiences of some characters - but she probably did not appreciate the scale of that war. Nor can her 'futurism' anticipate social changes during and after that war which rendered some of the book's attitudes to class and Jews archaic.

Other novels

1940 saw the publication of Christmas at Cold Comfort Farm (actually a collection of short stories, of which Christmas was the first). It is a prequel of sorts, set before Flora's arrival at the farm, and is a parody of a typical family Christmas.^[2]

A sequel, Conference at Cold Comfort Farm, was published in 1949 to mixed reviews.^[3]

Film, TV or theatrical adaptations

Cold Comfort Farm has been adapted for television twice by the BBC. In 1968 a three-part serial was made, starring Sarah Badel as Flora Poste, Brian Blessed as Reuben, Peter Egan as Seth, and Alastair Sim as Amos. In 1995 there was a made-for-TV film, which was generally well-received, with critics like the New York Times' Janet Maslin writing that this screen version "gets it exactly right."^[4] The film starred Kate Beckinsale as Flora, Joanna Lumley (also famed from her role as Patsy in the British TV comedy "Absolutely Fabulous") as her friend and mentor Mary Smiling, Rufus Sewell as Seth, Ian McKellen as Amos Starkadder, Eileen Atkins as Judith, Stephen Fry as Mybug, Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Beetle, and Angela Thorne as Mrs Hawk-Monitor. The 1995 version was produced by Gramercy Pictures, in collaboration with BBC Films and Thames International, and was helmed by Academy Award-winning director John Schlesinger, from a script by novelist and scholar Sir Malcolm Bradbury. It was filmed on location at Brightling, East Sussex. In 1996, this new version also had a brief theatrical run in North America and Australia.^[5] Cold Comfort Farm is available on DVD in both the US and UK.

The BBC produced a four-part radio adaptation in 1981. Patricia Gallimore played Flora, and Miriam Margolyes played Mrs. Beetle. In January 1983, a sequel, Conference at Cold Comfort Farm, set several years later, when Flora is married with several children, was broadcast (Part 1: "There have always been Starkadders at Cold Comfort Farm", and Part 2: "Reuben's Oath - or Seven Good Men and True").

The book has also been turned into a play by Paul Doust.^[6] The plot was simplified a little in order to make it suitable for the stage. Many characters, including Mybug, Mrs. Beetle, Meriam, Mark Dolour and Mrs. Smiling, are omitted. Meriam's character was merged with Rennet, who ends up with Urk at the end. As a consequence, both Rennet's and Urk's roles are much bigger than in the book. Mrs. Smiling is absent because the action begins with Flora's arrival in Sussex; Charles appears only to drop her off and pick her up again at the end. Mark Dolour, though mentioned several times in the play as a running joke, never appears on stage. Finally, instead of visiting a psychoanalyst to cure her obsession, Judith leaves with Neck at the end.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Cold Comfort Farm, D. H. Lawrence, and English Literary Culture Between the Wars, Faye Hammill, Modern Fiction Studies 47.4 (2001) 831-854
2. ^ Christmas at Cold Comfort Farm
3. ^ Conference at Cold Comfort Farm
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Review by Roger Ebert
6. ^ Plays by Paul Doust

• Bleiler, Everett (1948). The Checklist of Fantastic Literature. Chicago: Shasta Publishers. pp. 126. 

• Cavaliero, Glen (1977) The Rural Tradition in the English Novel 1900-39: Macmillan

• Humble, Nicola (2001) The Feminine Middlebrow Novel 1920s - 1950s: Oxford University Press

• Kaye-Smith, Sheila (1939) A Valiant Woman: Cassell & Co Ltd

• Pearce, H (2008) "Sheila’s Response to Cold Comfort Farm", The Gleam: Journal of the Sheila Kaye-Smith Society, No 21.

• Trodd, Anthea (1980) Women's Writing in English: Britain 1900-1945: Longmans.