- Typhoon Emma
Infobox Hurricane
Name=Super Typhoon Emma
Type=super typhoon
Year=1956
Basin=Atl
Formed=September 1, 1956
Dissipated=September 11, 1956
1-min winds=135
Pressure=904
Da
Inflated=0
Fatalities=77 direct
Areas=Okinawa and Kyūshū, Japan,South Korea
Hurricane season=1956 Pacific typhoon season Super Typhoon Emma was a powerful typhoon that brought convert|140|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on winds and convert|22|in|mm of rain to
Okinawa andSouth Korea . Emma left 77 people dead and over $8 million dollars (1956 USD) in damage. Emma was one of several typhoons to cause significant damage toOkinawa during the mid 1950s.Meteorological history
Forming from a tropical disturbance near the
Mariana Islands , Emma churned southwest before gaining typhoon status on September 3. Emma then recurved after reachingcategory 3 status. Moving west-northwest, Emma reached a peak intensity of convert|155|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on as it bypassedOkinawa . Emma then brushedSouth Korea andKyūshū as a strong Category 3 typhoon before swinging to the northwest and hittingChina or southernRussia . [Unisys (2006) [http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1956/12/track.dat EMMA Best track] URL Accessed:October 11,2006] .Preparations
The
Tokyo Weather Center began to issue warnings when Emma was spotted on September 3, east-southeast ofIwo Jima . During the preparations,bread andmilk were stocked and U.S. installations inOkinawa were placed on alert. An army hospital in Ryūkyū was evacuated as patients were transferred to storm shelters where they had pie and beans.United States Army [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/cold-war/emma/emma.htm Typhoon Emma Report] APO 343 URL Accessed:October 11,2006]Impact
Emma killed 77 people and caused $8-12 million dollars (1956 dollars) in damage across
Okinawa andSouth Korea .Okinawa
Most heeded typhoon watches, either evacuating or bolting storm shutters and stowing away light equipment. On
Okinawa 's eastern beaches however, more than a dozen marines who were unaware of the danger came to the beaches eager to surf in the thundering waves. Eleven of the Marines had already paddled out into open water when they realized the danger, but it was too late. A strongrip current had overwhelmed the soldiers and all eleven marines drowned.Longshore, David. "Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones". Facts on File (1998) ISBN 0-8160-3398-6]When the storm struck, it brought convert|143|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on gusts that ripped apart runways and smashed hangars. Heavy rains brought flashfloods that damaged homes and buildings. By the time Emma left the battered island, there was $8 million (1956
US dollars ) in damage.Longshore, David. "Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones". Facts on File (1998) ISBN 0-8160-3398-6]The U.S. held island of
Okinawa was hard hit by Emma. Numerous planes, runways and barracks were ether damaged or destroyed. The island was in the recovering phases when in 1957, Typhoon Faye, another powerful typhoon did the same damage ($11.3 million dollars (1957 dollars). Later the island was struck again Typhoon Charlotte of 1959.Longshore, David. "Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones". Facts on File (1998) ISBN 0-8160-3398-6]Elsewhere
On
Kyūshū , Emma brought 22 inches of rain that caused extensive flooding which left 34 people dead and thousands homeless. At its landfall near South Korea. Emma sank dozens of ships and wrecked homes and buildings. In all 42 people were dead and 35 missing, most of them fishermen.Longshore, David. "Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones". Facts on File (1998) ISBN 0-8160-3398-6]Loss of a hurricane hunter
Emma was also one of the few tropical cyclones to down a plane. It was a
Boeing RB-50 hurricane hunter plane, which was sent up to study wind velocities in the storm's right front quadrant. The plane perished in the storm, taking all 16 crew members with it. Although no direct cause was stated, it was speculated that the winds of the typhoon caused the airplane to go into a tailspin. Another theory was that the low pressures caused the plane's altimeters to give a false reading, and that caused the pilots to assume that they were flying much higher than they actually were, causing them to continue flying on their assumed altitude until they crashed. The theory was also applied to what happened to a hurricane hunter which crashed duringHurricane Janet in 1955.Longshore, David. "Encyclopedia of hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones". Facts on File (1998) ISBN 0-8160-3398-6]ources
Book
* David Longshore. "Typhoon Emma." Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones. David Longshore. New York: Facts on File, 1998, Pg; 113-114.
World Wide Web
* [http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/cold-war/emma/emma.htm Typhoon Emma Report]
* [http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/195612.html.en Digital Typhoon(Typhoon Emma Best track data)]
* [http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/cgi-bin/dt/dsummary.pl?id=195612&basin=wnp&lang=en Digital Typhoon(Typhoon Emma disaster information)]
* [http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/w_pacific/1956/12/track.gifUnisys(Typhoon Emma track)]Notes
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