Latin American School of Medicine (Cuba)

"Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina" (ELAM), formerly "Escuela Latinoamericana de Ciencias Médicas" (in Spanish; in English: Latin American School of Medicine (LASM), formerly Latin American School of Medical Sciences), is a major international medical school in Cuba and a prominent part of the Cuban healthcare system.

Established in 1999 and operated by the Cuban government, ELAM has been described as possibly being the largest medical school in the world by enrollment with approx. 10,000 or 12,000 students from 27 or 29 countries reported as enrolled in 2006/early 2007. All those enrolled are international students from outside Cuba and mainly come from Latin America and the Caribbean as well as Africa. The school also accepts students from the United States - 91 were reportedly enrolled as of January 2007. Tuition, accommodation and board are free, and a small stipend is provided for students. [http://www.saludthefilm.net/ns/synopsis.html ¡Salud! - Synopsis] , "¡Salud!" documentary website; accessed Feb. 2, 2006] [http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8597159 "Dr Diplomat"] , "The Economist" magazine, Jan. 25 2007] " [http://www.ifconews.org/MedicalSchool/articles/NEJM-Article122304.pdf Affirmative Action, Cuban Style] ", Fitzhugh Mullan, "The New England Journal of Medicine" Vol. 351 No.26, Dec. 23 2004] " [http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnists/wickham/2001-01-30-gwickham.htm Cuba spreads medical care as political tool] ", DeWayne Wickham, "USA Today", Jan. 30 2001] " [http://www.philly.com/mld/inquirer/living/health/16149501.htm Path to becoming a doctor via the third world] ", Paul Nussbaum, "The Philadelphia Inquirer", Dec. 3 2006]

A ELAM sister school operated by the Venezuela government and sited in Guri, Bolívar, Venezuela was scheduled to open in October 2006. The school is named "Escuela Latinoamericana de Medicina A.P. Réverénd" after French physician Alejandro Próspero Réverénd." [http://www.pww.org/article/articleview/9280/1/325 Cuba, Venezuela bring medical care to Bolivia] ", W. T. Whitney Jr., "People's Weekly World", Jun. 10 2006; accessed Feb. 4 2007] [ [http://www.elam.edu.ve/ Official website of Latin American School of Medicine A. P. Réverénd] ; accessed Feb. 5 2007]

Campuses

The main campus of Cuba's ELAM is located northwest of the capital Havana and about 3.5 km from the Panamericana Highway. This 1.2 km² campus is built on the site of an old naval academy and overlooks the sea. It consists of 28 buildings with 80 classrooms, 37 laboratories, 5 amphitheaters, dormitories, an infirmary, and other facilities. The campus facilities were designed to support approx. 3,500 students with students beyond the second year of the medical program being based at other medical schools around Cuba. In December 2006, approx. 3,300 students were reportedly housed on the campus. The US dorm is 2 stories, students sleep on bunk beds in rooms of 5 to 20 students depending on if the room is filled to capacity. The diet in the caretery mainly consists of rice, beans, and bread, with the main course varied from ground soy, rice mixed with shredded chicken or pork referred to as arroz con suerte, ham, liver, to chicken or pork. All meals and housing are provided by the school. They also give us uniforms, and monthly suplies, as well as a modest allowance each month [ [http://www.cuba.cu/gobierno/discursos/1999/ing/i151199i.html Key Address by Dr. Fidel Castro Ruz, President of the Republic of Cuba, at the Inauguration of the Latin American School of Medicine, Havana, November 15 1999] , Cuba.cu (Cuban Government); accessed Feb. 8 2007] " [http://www.ifconews.org/MedicalSchool/documents/LASMbrochure.pdf LASM Medical School Scholarship Program Brochure] ", IFCO website, accessed Feb. 2 2007]

In 2005, it was announced that the Francophone Caribbean School of Medical Sciences in Santiago de Cuba - a second key campus - had been incorporated into ELAM." [http://www.medicc.org/publications/medicc_review/0805/top-story.html Where There Were No Doctors: First MDs Graduate from Latin American Medical School] ", Gail A. Reed, "MEDICC Review" Vol. VII No.8, MEDICC, Aug./Sept. 2005; accessed Feb. 4 2007] " [http://www.granma.cu/ingles/2005/agosto/mar23/35elam-i.html First Graduation of the Latin American School of Medicine/Ceremony attended by heads of state and government] ", Mireya Castaneda, "Digital Granma Internacional ", Aug. 23 2005; accessed Feb. 5 2007] All US students continue 4 to 6 year at Salvador Allende Hospital In havana Cuba.

Mission

ELAM's mission is dedicated to the training of general practitioners and primary healthcare providers for impoverished communities outside Cuba. The school is part of the international outreach through medical initiatives - which has previously included medical scholarships - that has been important to Cuban foreign policy since the 1960s. [" [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/1081716281.html?dids=1081716281:1081716281&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+23%2C+2006&author=Cindy+Loose&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=W.12&desc=The+Cuban+Solution The Cuban Solution] ", Cindy Loose, "The Washington Post" magazine, Jul. 23 2006]

It is preferred that ELAM students come from the poorest communities with the intent of returning to practice in those areas in their countries. Initially only enrolling students from Latin America and the Caribbean, the school has also become open to applicants from impoverished and/or medically underserved areas in the United States and Africa.

Preference is given to applicants who are financially needy and/or "people of color" who show the most commitment to working in their poor communities." [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/newsday/access/69093942.html?dids=69093942:69093942&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+28%2C+2001&author=Ellen+Yan.+WASHINGTON+BUREAU&pub=Newsday&edition=Combined+editions&startpage=A.15&desc=Castro+Makes+a+Dream+Offer+%2F+Plan+for+free+medical+education+greeted+by+some+with+skepticism Castro Makes a Dream Offer: Plan for free medical education greeted by some with skepticism] ", Ellen Yan, "Newsday", Feb. 28 2001] "

Final admissions decisions are made by a committee representing ELAM's faculty and the Cuban Ministry of Public Health.

Scholarship

The scholarship includes full tuition, dormitory housing, four meals per day at the campus cafeteria, textbooks in Spanish for all courses, school uniform, basic toiletries, bedding, and a small monthly stipend in Cuban pesos. The scholarship does not include travel expenses to and from school.

Admissions

To be considered for the US scholarship program at the Latin American School of Medicine must be US citizens (with a US passport), under the age of 30, with proficiency in college-level sciences, and a commitment to practice medicine in low-income and medically under-served communities in the US after graduation.

Curriculum

*"For a detailed English language ELAM curriculum plan, see the external links."

ELAM's pedagogical philosophy centers on intensive tutoring and advising. All courses are taught in Spanish.

The pre-medical program includes courses in health sciences, chemistry, biology, math, physics as well as a 12-week intensive course in the Spanish language. The medical program begins every September and is divided into 12 semesters. Students study at the ELAM campus for the first 2 years before completing their studies at one of Cuba's 21 other medical schools, including a 1 year rotating internship. The Cuban medical training model emphasizes primary healthcare, community medicine and hands-on internship experiences.

Students are required to pass examinations at appropriate points during their course of study. For US students, this includes the United States Medical Licensing Examination.

History

Establishment

ELAM was first conceived - reportedly from an idea by President Fidel Castro himself" [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/08/world/americas/08havana.html?ex=1170565200&en=73a331382e801ab9&ei=5070 Havana Journal; Hippocrates Meets Fidel, and Even U.S. Students Enroll] ", Marc Lacey, "The New York Times", Dec. 8 2006] - as part of Cuba's humanitarian and development aid response (known as the "Integral Health Plan for Central America and the Caribbean" [ [http://embacu.cubaminrex.cu/iframmeing/cuba/salud.htm Cuban Embassies official website] , Cuban Ministry of External Relations; accessed Feb. 5 2007] ) to the devastation caused by Hurricane Georges and Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which affected several countries in Central America and the Caribbean, including Cuba. 500 full medical scholarships per year for the next decade were offered by the Cuban government to students from 4 countries - the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Honduras and Nicaragua - seriously affected by the hurricanes. In support of this plan, ELAM was opened in March 1999 and started its full medical program in September 1999 with approx. 1,900 student in its initial classes. On November 15, 1999, Castro officially inaugurated ELAM at as Havana hosted the 9th Ibero-American Summit (at this time, ELAM had 1,929 students from 18 countries). [http://www.ifconews.org/MedicalSchool/freq_asked_questions.htm Medical School Scholarship Program FAQ] , IFCO website, accessed Feb. 2 2007] [" [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/46433963.html?dids=46433963:46433963&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+17%2C+1999&author=Serge+F.+Kovaleski&pub=The+Washington+Post&edition=&startpage=A.23&desc=Castro%27s+Guests+Give+Dissidents+a+Hearing Castro's Guests Give Dissidents a Hearing] ", Serge F. Kovaleski, "The Washington Post", Nov. 17 1999]

The first class of 1,498 ELAM doctors graduated on August 20, 2005, together with 112 from other Cuban medical schools. 28 foreign countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, and including the United States were represented by the graduates. The ceremony was led by Castro and Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez. Also reportedly attending were Prime Minister Baldwin Spencer of Antigua & Barbuda, Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit of Dominica, Prime Minister Keith Mitchell of Grenada, President Martín Torrijos of Panama, Prime Minister Denzil Douglas of St. Kitts & Nevis and Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves of St. Vincent & the Grenadines as well as high-ranking government representatives of The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Lucia, Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago.

Cooperation with the United States

In June 2000, a US Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) delegation visited Cuba to meet with Castro. Representative Bennie Thompson (D-Miss.) mentioned to Castro that his district had a shortage of doctors, who responded by offering full scholarships for US nationals from Mississippi at ELAM. Later that same June, in a Washington, D.C. meeting with the CBC, the Cuban Minister of Public Health expanded the offer to all districts represented by the CBC. At a September 2000 speech event at Riverside Church, New York City, Castro publicly announced a further expanded offer which was reported as allowing several hundred places at ELAM for medical students from low-income communities from any part of the USA. Reports of the size of this offer varied in the US press - 250 or 500 places were suggested with perhaps half reserved for African-Americans and half for Hispanics and Native Americans. The ELAM offer to US students was classified as a "cultural exchange" program by the US State Department in order to avoid the restrictions of the U.S. embargo against Cuba. The first intake of US students into ELAM occurred in the Spring of 2001, with 10 enrolling into the pre-medical program. [" [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00E14FB3A5D0C7A8CDDA00894D8404482 Summit in New York: The Cuban Leader; Friendly Crowd Provides Castro With a Soapbox] ", Edward Wong and Chris Hedges, "The New York Times", Sept. 9 2000] " [http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/72094982.html?dids=72094982:72094982&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+1%2C+2001&author=MARK+FINEMAN&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.1&desc=8+Americans+in+Havana+Are+Med+Students+With+a+Mission 8 Americans in Havana Are Med Students With a Mission] ", Mark Fineman, "The Los Angeles Times", May 1 2001]

In 2004, the legality of the presence of US students at ELAM was threatened by tightened restrictions against travel to Cuba by US nationals under the administration of President George W. Bush. A CBC campaign led by Representatives Barbara Lee (D-Calif.) and Charles Rangel (D-NY) with 27 other members of Congress persuaded Secretary of State Colin Powell to exempt ELAM from the tightened restrictions.

Applications from US citizens are administered through the New York City-based Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO), headed by the noted human rights activist and critic of the U.S. embargo of Cuba, the Rev. Lucius Walker Jr.

Cooperation with Pakistan

Cuba has also offered 1000 scholarship for the Pakistani students under the title of General and Comprehensive Medicine study. First batch of the approximately 384 student came from Pakistan to Cuba in the month of February 2007. These students are now present in the campus named Máximo Santiago Haza (J-4) situated at Jaguey Grande, a municipality of the Cuban province Matanzas. According to the ELAM administration this campus is also a part of ELAM and all the students will get their degree from ELAM after successful completion of their study. These students have completed the necessary Spanish language course and the pre medical course and have started their medical study from 10 December 2007. New students are expected to come very soon from Pakistan and two schools T-9 and J-6(situated in the same municipality Jaguey Grande) are reserved for these students, these campuses are also the official campuses of ELAM. According to the students, they are not provided with the facilities equal to ELAM. Cuban Government is trying to fulfil the demands of the Pakistani students but still the campuses for the Pakistani students lack many facilities that are present in the other campuses of ELAM.The availability of Halal food for Pakistani Muslim students is the greatest threat. The Cuban Government has promised to fulfil this need of Muslim students.

Máximo Santiago Haza(J-4)

Máximo Santiago Haza (j-4) is campas of pakistani students studying in cuba under scholarship given by Cuban govt to Pakistani students.1st batch ok Pakistani students reached in this campas in February 2007.Now is this campas,more than 300 students are studying .

History:

During earthquake in Pakistan in October 2005, x-president Fidel Castro offered, to send 200 doctors to Pakistan in order to help treat the victims of the earthquake. Some 2,260 Cuban health brigadistas, more than 1,400 of them doctors, went in the area of Kashmir, where they had attended to more than 200,000 patients and had saved hundreds of people in imminent danger of dying. Later on, Cuba has also offered 1000 scholarship for the Pakistani students under the title of General and Comprehensive Medicine study. More than 300 students of medicine have taken courses in the Cuban Field Hospitals and are present in this campas.

Location:

It is situated in at Jaguey Grande, a municipality of the Cuban province Matanzas. It is 15 km away from Jaguey Grande and near about 160 km away from Havana, capital of Cuba. This campas is surrounded by orange gardens and bushy trees.

Building & Food:

This campus consist of 64 dormitories, 10 classrooms, 2 laboratories, 1 amphitheater, 1 dining hall, 1 mosque (because majority of students are Muslims), sports area, clinical equipment hall etc. For security, there is fence all around the building.The diet in the caretery mainly consists of rice, beans, and bread, with the main course varied from ground soy, rice mixed with shredded chicken. Here mostly students are Muslim, that's why here food which is served is halal.

Scholarship:

The scholarship includes full tuition, dormitory housing, three meals per day at the campus cafeteria, textbooks in Spanish for all courses, basic toiletries, bedding, and a small (100 pesos) monthly stipend. Duration of this scholarship is from February 2006 to December 2013.600 more medical students selected for this scholarship on 22 July 2007, but up to now (May 2008) they don't go to Cuba. A lot of time is wasted of these students. hec (sicsic) of Pakistan and Cuban government is responsible for the wastage of time of these students. On 13 May, 2008 a strike was held against hec and government for the wastage of time. On 16 May Cuban government clarified that they are not responsible for the wastage of time of Pakistani students, they are ready to welcome the next batch of Pakistani students, so hec is responsible for the wastage of time of those students selected for this scholarship. It seems that perhaps hec fails in this scholarship, if students are future delayed in this program.

At last the Students Reached Cuba :

The 600 plus students selected for scholarships after great patience and 1 year delay reached Cuba in different batches. First batch of these students including 68 students left for Cuba on 28th June. Almost all the students have been settled now in 2 schools namely T-9 and J-6. Each institution have almost completed having 300 plus students each. Students at T-9 have started there language classes on 21 July while the J-6 will start it officially on the 25th of August because J-6 received the last batch of students yesterday. After the successful completion of Spanish language course(12 Weeks) these students will start Pre-Medical which will lead to Medicine studies.

Jose´María Aguirre(T-9)

T-9 is generally named as José María Aguiree.Students at T-9 have started there language classes on 21 July.

Location

The school is located in the Jagüey Grande.

Collaboration with Venezuela

In August 2005, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez and Castro negotiated a healthcare agreement with Castro at a summit in Sandino which included the building of an ELAM equivalent in Venezuela. The agreement was part of the trade and cooperation alliance between Cuba and Venezuela known as "Alternativa Bolivariana para las Américas" (ALBA). Attending ELAM's first graduation ceremony in the same month, Chávez publicly announced the plan and claimed that 100,000 doctors could be trained through the Cuban and Venezuelan ELAMs over 10 years - or even 200,000 if other Latin American countries joined the collaboration. A Medical Education Cooperation With Cuba (MEDICC) report on the announcement valued the projected 100,000 trained doctors as potentially a US$20 to 30 billion contribution to the developing world and suggested that 30% of the places would be reserved for low-income applicants from Latin America and the Caribbean." [http://www.nodo50.org/americalibre/novedades/korol_290506.htm "La vía campesina: sembrando revoluciones"] " (" [http://www.axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/article_22500.shtml The Peasant Path: Sowing Revolutions] ") Claudia Korol (translated by Ron Ridenour), "América Libre", May 2006 (translated for AxisofLogic.com, Jul. 2006); accessed Feb. 4 2007] [Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez's address at the Latin American School of Medicine graduation ceremony in Havana on Aug. 20 2005 broadcast by Cuban TV; from "Venezuela's Chavez addresses medical graduation ceremony in Cuba", translated by BBC Monitoring Americas; retrieved via Factiva, Feb. 4 2007]

See also

* "¡Salud!" - a 2006 documentary film directed by Connie Field on Cuban international medical outreach - ELAM is one of the film's primary subjects
* 1998 Atlantic hurricane season

References

External links

* [http://www.elacm.sld.cu/ ELAM (Cuba) official website] (in Spanish)
* [http://www.ifconews.org/MedicalSchool/main.htm IFCO Medical Scholarship Program for ELAM (Cuba) website] ::- [http://www.ifconews.org/MedicalSchool/curriculum.htm ELAM (Cuba) curriculum]
* [http://www.elam.edu.ve/ Latin American School of Medicine A. P. Réverénd (Venezuela)] (in Spanish)::- [http://www.medicc.org MEDICC (USA) More on ELAM history, US students and curriculum]
* [http://journals.sfu.ca/socialmedicine/index.php/socialmedicine/article/view/216/447/ A Student Perspective on ELAM and its Educational Program]