Committee of Both Kingdoms

The Committee of Both Kingdoms, (known as the Derby House Committee from early 1648), was a committee set up during the English Civil War by the Parliamentarian faction in association with representatives from the Scottish Covenanters, to oversee the conduct of the War and Foreign Policy. It succeeded the Committee of Safety late in 1643, when an alliance (the Solemn League and Covenant) was concluded with the Covenanters.

The Committee continued to sit until 1648. It was replaced in 1649 by the Council of State.^[1]

Creation

On 9 January 1644 the Estates of Scotland sitting in Edinburgh arranged for a special commission to go to London with full powers to represent the Scottish Estates.^[2] The special commission had four members:

• Earl of Loudoun—High Chancellor of Scotland
• Lord Maitland—already in London as Scottish Commissioner to the Westminster Assembly
• Lord Warriston—due in London as a Commissioner to the Westminster Assembly
• Mr. Robert Barclay—Provost of Irvine in Ayrshire.

The four Scottish commissioners presented their commission from Scottish Estates the to the English Parliament on 5 February. On the 16th, so that the two kingdoms should be "joined in their counsels as well as in their forces", the English Parliament passed an ordinance (Ordinance concerning the Committee of both Kingdoms^[3]) to form a joint "Committee of the Two Kingdoms" to sit with the four Scottish Commissioners. The ordinance named seven members from the House of Lords and fourteen from the House of Commons to sit on the committee and ordained that six were to be a quorum, always in the proportion of one Lord to two Commoners, and of the Scottish Commissioners meeting with them two were to be a quorum.^[3]

The seven members appointed from among the House of Lords were:^[3]

• Algernon, Earl of Northumberland (1602–1668), one of the "peace lords", in 1642 he was dismissed as Lord High Admiral and in 1643 headed the parliamentary delegation to negotiate with the king at Oxford.
• Robert, Earl of Essex (1591–1646), in 1642 became the first Captain-General of the Parliamentary army, but was overshadowed by the ascendancy of Oliver Cromwell and resigned in 1646, dying later the same year.
• Robert, Earl of Warwick (1587–1658), from 1642 Lord High Admiral, appointed by Parliament. In 1648, he captured the Castles of Walmer, Deal, and Sandown for Parliament.
• Edward, Earl of Manchester (1602–1671), in August 1643 was appointed major-general of the parliamentary forces in the east, with Cromwell as his deputy; he was in command at Marston Moor, but later fell out with Cromwell, and in November 1644 opposed continuing the war.
• William, Viscount Saye and Sele (1582–1662), was mainly responsible for passing the Self-denying Ordinance through the House of Lords; and by 1648 wanted a negotiated settlement with the king; he retired into private life after Charles's execution.
• Philip, Lord Wharton (1613–1696), a Puritan and a favourite of Oliver Cromwell, was one of the youngest members of the Committee.
• John, Lord Roberts (1606–1685), with the Self-denying Ordinance of April 1645 he lost his command in Plymouth and was sidelined. Shocked by the execution of the king, he withdrew from public life, but after the Restoration he became Lord Privy Seal and later Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

The fourteen members appointed from the House of Commons were:^[3]

• William Pierrepoint (c. 1607-1678), a Member of Parliament for Great Wenlock, represented parliament in negotiations with the king at Oxford in 1643 and at Uxbridge in 1645
• Henry Vane the Elder (1589–1655), a former Secretary of State and a member for Wilton
• Sir Philip Stapleton (1603–1647), a colonel of horse who commanded the Earl of Essex's bodyguard and a brigade of cavalry at the Battle of Edgehill, a member for Boroughbridge
• Sir William Waller (c. 1597–1668), a strict Presbyterian and a major-general of the parliamentary forces, one of the members for Andover
• Sir Gilbert Gerard (1587-1670), a member for Middlesex, paymaster of the Parliamentary army and from 1648 to 1649 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Sir William Airmine (1593–1651), a member for Grantham, later a member of the Council of State
• Sir Arthur Haselrig (1601–1661), a knight of the shire for Leicestershire; following the Restoration he was imprisoned in the Tower of London and died there.
• Henry Vane the Younger (1613–1662), a member for Hull; although he took no part in the regicide, in 1662 he was charged with high treason and beheaded
• John Crew (1598–1679), a member for Brackley and a Justice of the Peace, was later created Baron Crew by King Charles II
• Robert Wallop (1601–1667), a member for Andover, was later one of the Commissioners who sat in judgment at the trial of Charles I
• Oliver St John (c. 1598–1673), a barrister and judge who was married to a cousin of Oliver Cromwell; he was a member for Totnes and became Solicitor General
• Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), a member for Cambridge, later Lord Protector
• Samuel Browne (c. 1598–1668), a member for Clifton, Dartmouth and Hardness
• Serjeant John Glynne (1602–1666), a member for Westminster and Recorder of London

David Masson states that the Earl of Essex, the Lord General, was opposed to the formation of the committee as it was constituted because "there can be no doubt that the object was that the management of the war should be less in Essex's hands than it had been".^[4]

Administration

The Committee met in Derby House at three o' clock every day of the week—including Sundays.^[5] Attendance in 1644 was patchy, since before the enactment of the Self-denying Ordinance, many of the members of the Committee had commands in the field, (for example Warwick was the Lord High Admiral). The more active and influential members on the Committee were Lord Wharton and Henry Vane the Younger, and Lord Warriston for the Scots.^[6]

The Committee had to accommodate several factions within its ranks, and jealousies and personal animosities between some of its members, such as Waller and Essex.^[7] It was also subject to control by Parliament (though the need to pass legislation or resolutions through both Houses meant that the Committee could control matters day by day without much interference).

Its greatest achievement was the establishment of the New Model Army, and the maintenance of this army and other forces in the field until King Charles was defeated in 1646. The Committee provided a continuity of policy and administration which the King could not match.

Dissolution

The Committee ceased to sit in 1648, when it was said that the Scots broke the alliance and supported King Charles I during the Second Civil War. In truth the Committee had started to break down much earlier due to several factors. Some members of the English Parliament did not like the influence the Committee gave to the Scots in Ireland. The Scots in turn resented the fact that although the Committee held ultimate responsibility for foreign policy, diplomats supposedly representing the confederation of the Solemn League and Covenant began to sign treaties in the name of England rather than in the name of the League.^{[citation needed]} The first of these was with Denmark in 1645.^[8]

The notion that the Scots broke the treaty in 1648 denies the factionalism that took place within the English Parliament during the previous year, leading the more entrenched Presbyterians in both Scotland and England to lose power within their respective parliaments within months of each other.^{[citation needed]} Thus when the Independents seized control in England, they found that the Scottish Parliament had been won over to the faction of the Engagers and the Duke of Hamilton from the Kirk Party and the Marquess of Argyll.^{[citation needed]}

In January 1648 shortly after the Engagement between Scotland and King Charles I became known to the English Parliament, Parliamentary members broke of negotiations with King Charles passing the Vote of No Addresses that prohibited any further negotiations between members of Parliament with the King until such time as the vote was repealed. Parliament also dissolved the Committee of Both Kingdoms conferring its powers on the English members of the committee. The reconstituted committee, with the addition of three Independent members, was at first know as the Committee of Safety but became known as the Derby House Committee (named after the building where the committee met).^[9][10]

Notes

1. ^ State Papers Domestic: The Commonwealth, 1642-1660, Domestic Records Information 17, The National Archives, Retrieved 10 March 2010
2. ^ Dates are in the Julian Calendar with the start of year on the 1 January (see Old Style and New Style dates)
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Firth & Rait 1911, p. 381.
4. ^ Masson 1873, p. 41.
5. ^ Manganiello 2004, p. 124.
6. ^ Carlyle 1897, p. 202.
7. ^ Young, Peter; Holmes, Richard (2000). The English Civil War. Ware: Wordsworth Editions. pp. 181–182. ISBN 1-84022-222-0. 
8. ^ Murdoch 2003, p. ^{[page needed]}..
9. ^ Arnold-Baker 2001, p. 273.
10. ^ Kennedy 2000, p. 96.

References

• Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). The companion to British history (2, revised, illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 237. ISBN 9780415185837. 
• Carlyle, Thomas (1897). "Letters I (1) to LXXXVI (86)". Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches: with elucidations. 1. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 202. 
• Firth, C.H.; Rait, R.S., eds (1911). "February 1644: An Ordinance for the appointing a Committee of both Houses of Parliament, to join with the Committees and Commissioners of Scotland, for the better managing the Affairs of both Nations, in the common Cause, according to the Ends expressed in the late Covenant and Treaty between the Two Nations of England and Scotland". Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum, 1642-1660. pp. 381,382. 
• Kennedy, D. E. (2000). The English Revolution, 1642-1649 (revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 031223063X. 
• Masson, David (1873). The life of John Milton: narrated in connexion with the political, ecclesiastical, and literary history of his time. 3. MacMillan & Company. pp. 40, 41. http://www.archive.org/details/lifeofjohnmilton03massuoft. 
• Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004). "Committee of Both Kingdoms". The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639-1660 (illustrated ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 142. ISBN 0810851008. http://books.google.com/books?id=an-eXXA3DBMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Murdoch, Steve (2003). Britain, Denmark-Norway and the House of Stuart. East Linton. 

Further reading

• Gardiner, S. R (1886). History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. 1. Longmans, Green, and company. pp. 274–277. 
• Plant, David (17 December 2006). "The Committee for Both Kingdoms". British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website. http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/glossary/committee-both-kingdoms.htm.