- Prism coupler
Prism coupler are instruments used to measure the
refractive index /birefringence and thickness ofdielectric andpolymer films. Since refractive indices of a material depend upon thewavelength of theelectromagnetic radiation transmitted, a monochromaticlaser is used in conjunction with a prism of known refractive index. The laser beam is directed through a side of the prism, bent, and is normally reflected back out the opposite side into a photo detector. However, at certain values of the incident angle theta, the beam does not reflect back out, but instead is transmitted through the base into the film sample. These angles are called mode angles. A computer-driven rotary table varies the incident angle of the laser. The first mode angle found determines the refractive index, and the angle difference from one mode to the next determines the sample thickness.Prism couplers also allow for coupling light in and out of a waveguide without exposing the cross-section of the waveguide (edge coupling). To achieve this a phase matching condition is required between the propagation constant of the mth mode in the waveguide eta_m and the incident light at an angle heta_m normal from the waveguide surface.
:eta_m = frac{2pi}{lambda_0} n_p sin{ heta_m}
where n_p is the
index of refraction of the prism.Coupling of light directly from air (without the prism) into a waveguide is not possible. It can be shown that the phase matching condition is:
:eta_m =k n_1sin{ heta_m}
where n_1 is the index of air (~1) and eta_m is the propagation constant of the waveguide. . In order to have a guided mode, eta_m>k n_1. This would imply that sin{ heta_m}>1, which is not possible. [ R. Hunsperger. Integrated Optics. Springer. 1995.]
References
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