Thérèse Johanne Alexandra Tietjens

Thérèse Johanne Alexandra Tietjens (July 17, 1831 – October 3, 1877) was a leading opera and oratorio soprano singer of Hungarian origin who was born in Hamburg, but made her career in London during the 1860s and 1870s.

Hamburg, Vienna, Frankfurt

Mme Therese Tietjens received her vocal training in Hamburg and in Vienna. She studied with Heinrich Proch, who was also the teacher of Mme Peschka-Leutner and other "prime donne". She made a successful debut at Hamburg in 1849 as Lucrezia Borgia in Donizetti's opera, a work with which she was particularly associated all her professional life. She sang in Frankfurt from 1850 to 1856, and in Vienna from 1856-1859.

London (1858-1864)

Tietjens made her first appearance in London in 1858, as Valentine in "Les Huguenots". England thereafter became her home, and she continued to sing in opera regularly until her untimely death in 1877 at Her Majesty's Theatre, the Drury Lane and Covent Garden. She was equally fine in oratorio, and became a leading dramatic soprano in England during the 1860s and early 1870s on both stage and platform. The early part of her London career coincided with the heyday of the tenor Antonio Giuglini (1827-1865), a student of Cellini, who made his debut at Her Majesty's in 1857 as Fernando in La Favorita. In July 1859, Tietjens created the first London Elena in "Les vepres siciliennes" of Verdi (four years after the original Paris production) at Drury Lane, opposite Giuglini's Arrigo.

At this time the soprano Giulia Grisi was still singing in London: Tietjens was to inherit parts of her London repertoire and of that of Giuditta Pasta. In 1860 E.T. Smith, manager of Her Majesty's, attempted to seize the market in both English and Italian opera by having two companies alternating. The Italian opera began with "Il trovatore", with Tietjens, Mme Lemaire, Guiglini and the baritone Vialetti, and the team then progressed to "Don Giovanni", while the English opera premiered Macfarren's "Robin Hood" with Sims Reeves. On 15 June 1861 Tietjens was the first London Amelia, opposite Giuglini's Riccardo, and the Renato of Enrico delle Sedie (a singer of great style, musicianship and talent but limited vocal range) in the original Lyceum "Ballo in maschera" for Mapleson.

In her ideal role as Lucrezia, Tietjens led the cast at the London debut of Zelia Trebelli (Orsino) in 1862. In that year Herman Klein, aged 15, saw her in "Les Huguenots" and forty years later described his realisation then, that she was a tragedienne of the highest order. His teacher had described her 'I know that my redeemer liveth' to him with wonder. On 14 July 1862 at the 50th Jubilee concert for the Philharmonic Society, she sang the Mendelssohn "Loreley" (with choir) and "With joy the impatient husbandman" from Haydn's "The Seasons". This was at St James's Hall Piccadilly, conducted by William Sterndale Bennett: other soloists were Charles Santley, Joseph Joachim, Jenny Lind, Mrs Anderson (pianist) and the 'cellist Piatti.

1863 saw the first Gounod's "Faust" in England, at Her Majesty's, with Tietjens as Marguerite, Guiglini (Faust), Santley (Valentin), Edouard Gassier (Mephistopheles) and Trebelli (Siebel). This production was transferred to Covent Garden and was performed in every successive season until 1911. In the same season Tietjens created the role of Selvaggia in the opera "Niccolo de' Lapi" by Francesco Schira (conductor at Drury Lane), also with Trebelli, Giuglini and Santley (Niccolo). (This work was revived with far greater success as "Selvaggia" in Milan 1875.) There was more "Il trovatore", a "Norma" (one of Tietjens's finest roles) with Désirée Artôt (making her debut that year also as Violetta and Marie) (mezzo) as Adalgisa, and Weber's "Oberon" with Sims Reeves (Huon), the immortal Marietta Alboni (Fatima), Trebelli (Puck), the tenor Bettini (who married Trebelli) (Oberon), Gassier (Babekan) and Santley (Scherasmin). That autumn she went with the Mapleson tour to Dublin to appear in "Faust" with Reeves, Trebelli and Santley, and for herself also made a tour in Paris.

Otto Nicolai's 1849 opera "Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor" had its English premiere in May 1864 with Tietjens and Caroline Bettelheim as the wives, Gassier (Page) and Santley the husbands, Junca (who also replaced Gassier in Faust) as Falstaff, Giuglini as Fenton, Giuseppina Vitali (Anne), Manfredi (Slender) and Mazzetti (Dr Caius). Santley describes the fun he and Tietjens had in the scene turning out the linen basket and pelting each other with linen.

Titiens, Santley, Giuglini, Mayerhofer and Pauline Lucca gave a Buckingham Palace concert in May 1864: Tietjens was then singing Gluck ("Armida"), Bellini ("I puritani"), Rossini and Meyerbeer ("Robert le diable"). On July 5 1864 Titiens created "Mireille" (opposite Giuglini's Vincent) in the first production in England of Gounod's opera, which in its original five-act form had been premiered in Paris in the March. Leon Carvalho, Director of the Opéra-Comique, Paris, and his brother-in-law Miolon personally supervised the later rehearsals. Santley thought this role didn't suit her. The 1864 production of Fidelio, however, more fully established Tietjens as a London successor in the repertoire of Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient.

London (1865-1868)

Early in 1865 Giuglini retired showing signs of insanity, returned to Italy and died there in October. His replacement (Santley thought, an improvement) was Italo Gardoni, who had created the tenor role in "I masnadieri" in 1847 in London with Jenny Lind and Luigi Lablache. On June 6 1865 Tietjens lead the cast in the first England performance Cherubini's 1797 opera "Médée", a new version with recitatives by Luigi Arditi. Later that year she toured in Manchester with Santley in "Don Giovanni", and in October in London they appeared together in Weber's "Der Freischütz".

In 1866 she assisted at the unsuccessful return of Giulia Grisi in "Norma" and "Don Giovanni": her own appearances were however very successful, not least as Iphigenie in Gluck's "Iphigenie en Tauride", with Gardoni (Pilade), Santley (Oreste) and Gassier (Thoas). Two private performances were given for the Earl of Dudley, supported by Sims Reeves, the baritone Giovanni Battista Belletti, and Santley. The same season saw her Elvira in an "Ernani" revival with Tasca, Gassier and Santley, and an "Il Seraglio" with Mme Sinico, and Messrs Gunz, a new tenor Rokitanski, and the Irish bass Signor Foli.

In 1867 the tenor Pietro Mongini took the role of Alvaro opposite Santley's Vargas and Tietjens's Leonora in the first England "La forza del destino" (Verdi) on 22 June, with Gassier as Fra Melitone. At this time the great Swedish soprano Christine Nilsson also became a regular performer at Her Majesty's, and there was a "Don Giovanni" with Tietjens and Nilsson, Mme Sinico, Gardoni and Rokitanski.

In 1866 Herman Klein heard her in rehearsal at the Norwich Festival. He later remarked that then her voice was still fresh, powerful and penetrating, with the curiously dramatic 'human' quality that was perhaps its most notable attribute. Her style was marked by the same rare individuality, and her phrasing a curious blend of vigour and grace. She used portamento in approaching a high note from below, a technique often thought ugly, but in her a natural and artistic effect, for she was quite capable of entering a note with superb attack if she wished. Her magnificent energy and purity of tone was especially evident in the opening bars of the 'Inflammatus' in Rossini's "Stabat Mater", and in 'Let the bright Seraphim'.

Later career

Tietjens sang again for the Royal Philharmonic Society in 1868. In the following year, when there was an attempt to form a union of the Her Majesty's and Covent Garden companies, the Italian season opened with "Norma", Tietjens in the title role, with Sinico, Mongini and Foli. She also sang with Reeves and Santley in the premiere of Arthur Sullivan's "The Prodigal Son" in 1869. In 1870 Gassier retired (he died in 1872). The English premiere of Rossini's "Messe Solennelle" occurred, with Tietjens, Sofia Scalchi, Mongini and Santley: and in 1871, Mme Tietjens was awarded the Gold Medal of the Philharmonic Society. In this first year of the award ten medals were given, and thereafter seldom more than one in any one year.

When the Gye and Mapleson companies were successfully merged, in 1871, Tietjens was the one principal artist not re-engaged by George Wood. However, Lucrezia had remained a staple of her repertoire throughout the 1860s, and in May 1872 she again led a cast, on this occasion at Drury Lane, for the London debut of the tenor Italo Campanini (as Gennaro), with Trebelli as Orsino and the French baritone Jean-Baptiste Faure as Alfonso, under the baton of Sir Michael Costa. She also took the solos in Sullivan's Festival Te Deum at The Crystal Palace.

Campanini was at once (but rather prematurely) acclaimed as the successor of Mario and Giuglini. But in the next years, it was with Campanini as "Lohengrin", for Mapleson at Her Majesty's, that Tietjens attempted her only Wagnerian role, Ortrud; and in June 1874, in company with Nilsson and Campanini, she created a lead in the posthumous first production of Michael Balfe's "Il Talismano". A minor role in that production was created by a young baritone Giovanni de Reschi, who in the same year made his English debuts at Drury Lane in "La Favorita" (Alfonso), as Don Giovanni, as Valentine ("Faust"), and as Count Almaviva. Returning to his vocal studies, he reappeared in Paris as a tenor in 1884, and became known to the world as Jean de Reszke.

Until 1872 she and Rudersdorff had been the joint 'stars' of the English oratorio platform, but in that year her friend and rival left to continue her career in the United States. Then Tietjens reigned alone. But in 1876 she made a tour in America, singing Lucrezia Borgia at the Astor Place Opera House in New York with Brignoli. This was to prove the last major episode in her extraordinary career. Her great roles had been Lucrezia, Leonora, Norma, Medea, and Donna Anna. In addition to other roles mentioned, she also sang Fides in "Le prophete" and "Semiramide". Adelina Patti refrained from performing Semiramide in her own repertoire until after the death of Tietjens, out of respect for her great distinction in the role.

Illness, farewell and death

Late in her life Mme Tietjens became a sort of institution, and under Sir Michael Costa she sang many performances of Handel's "Messiah" and Mendelssohn's "Elijah". She also became extremely large: in 1920 David Bispham could remember her appearance, but not her voice. Shaw, in 1892, remembered how her performances of Lucrezia, of Semiramide, Valentine, Pamina and her Countess had established a sort of belief that all these characters must have been extremely overweight. Despite her bearing, her intelligence, her great art and her goodhearted grace, he remembered a voice that had become stale and a genius that had ceased to be creative. The public had got used to going to see her, not the roles she performed. She had become loved for her private virtues as much as for her artistic gifts.

Herman Klein, who always retained his high opinion of Tietjens and her art, attended her last performance. It was Lucrezia at Her Majesty's on May 19th 1877. She had known for some time that she had cancer, and when an operation had been decided upon she gave this performance beforehand. She was really too ill to go on, but insisted. After each of the acts she fainted and had to be resuscitated, but while on stage showed no sign of her physical suffering, and only a few in the audience knew her condition. Her final scream, as Lucrezia realises that Gennaro is dead, sent a shudder through the house, and she did not shirk the painful fall to the stage at the close. The curtain rose twice to the applause, but she was again unconscious and lay motionless. The operation was performed, but she died in London on October 3rd 1877. She was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery 'in the presence of a vast crowd, amid tokens of public grief such as no foreign artist before her had ever been vouchsafed on English soil.'

She had introduced London to Gounod's "Faust" and "Mireille", Verdi's "Un ballo in maschera", "Les vepres siciliennes" and "La forza del destino", and Nicolai's "Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor", while maintaining for almost twenty years a repertoire in "Oberon", "Die Freischütz", "Fidelio", "Médée", "Die Zauberflöte", "Il Seraglio", "The Marriage of Figaro", and of course her "Lucrezia Borgia" and many other roles besides, not forgetting her Ortrud. We can accept "Encyclopedia Britannica"'s verdict: 'Her voice was a dramatic soprano of magnificent quality, and her powers as an actress were supreme. The great volume and purity of her voice and her sympathetic and dignified acting combined to make her famous in strong dramatic parts.' Michael Scott suggests that Emma Albani attempted, unsuccessfully, to 'inherit the mantle' of Tietjens, but that Lillian Nordica and Lilli Lehmann were more natural successors to her tradition.

References

*R. Elkin, "Royal Philharmonic, The Annals of the Royal Philharmonic Society" (Rider, London 1946).
*H. Klein, "30 Years of Musical Life in London, 1870-1900" (Century, New York 1903).
*H. Rosenthal & J Warrack, "A Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera" (London, 1974 printing).
*C. Santley, "Student and Singer, the Reminiscences of Charles Santley" (London, Edward Arnold 1892).
*M. Scott, "The Record of Singing to 1914" (Duckworth 1977).
*G.B. Shaw, "Music in London 1890-1894" (3 Vols)(Constable, London 1932).
*J. Sims Reeves, "Sims Reeves, his Life and Recollections" (Simpkin Marshall, London 1888).

Other Literature

*G. T. Ferris, "Great Singers: Malibran to Titiens" (D. Appleton & Co, New York 1881).
*S. Timms, "Titiens - Her Majesty's prima Donna: Victorian London's Opera Idol Therese Titiens" (Bezazzy Publishing UK 2005). ISBN 0955066700