Ikey Solomon

Isaac (Ikey) Solomon (1785-1850) was an English criminal who became an extremely successful receiver of stolen property. He gained fame for his crimes, escape from arrest, and his high-profile recapture and trial.

Solomon remains famous as the person upon whom Charles Dickens may have based the character of Fagin in the novel "Oliver Twist". Solomon's life has been the subject of several works, including:

•"The First Fagin" by Judith Sackville-O'Donnell
•"Prince of Fences: The life and crimes of Ikey Solomons" by J.J. Tobias
•"The Potato Factory" by Bryce Courtenay

This last book, a historical novel, was made into a four-part miniseries [IMDb, [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0186771 The Potato Factory] ] that aired in Australia.

Solomon was of the Jewish faith. His literary and historical treatment have been the focus of many debates. Some argue that many portrayals of Ikey Solomon have been anti-semitic. Bryce Courtenay's Ikey character in "The Potato Factory" has recently been the subject of such debate. [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/07/13/1089694358255.html?oneclick=true Ikey stirs up storm 200 years on] ] The Fagin character, with its connection to Ikey, has caused similar debate.

Early life and marriage

Ikey was born in Gravel Lane, Houndsditch, in the East End of London, was one of nine children. [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020422b.htm Australian Dictionary of Biography: Solomon, Isaac (Ikey) (1787? - 1850)] ] His father, Henry Solomon, was a fence and introduced Ikey to the criminal trade. [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/11/01/1036027034458.html The First Fagin] ] Henry Solomon also worked in various places in London and once remarked "I have worked for every factory in London". [ [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=t18270712-45-defend345&div=t18270712-45#highlight Proceedings of the Old Bailey – HENRY SOLOMON, Theft > grand larceny, 12th July 1827.] ]

Little is known about Ikey's mother, except that she looked after her husband well into his old age.

Ikey married Ann (or Hannah) Julian on 7 January 1807 in the Great Synagogue, Duke's Place, London. Ann was the daughter of Moses Julian, coachmaster, of Aldgate.

Criminal life

Ikey Solomon first had a shop in Brighton, but later opened what was ostensibly a jeweller's shop in Bell Lane, London, in the vicinity of Petticoat Lane. [ [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/oldbailey/html_units/1820s/t18220109-47.html Proceedings of the Old Bailey – HENRY BROWN, HENRY BROOKS, MOSES LYON, alias ISAAC NATHAN, THOMAS STOKES, alias WILLIAMS, MARY ANN EATES, theft : burglary, miscellaneous : perverting justice, theft : receiving stolen goods, 9th January, 1822.] ] (This business has also been described as a pawn shop.)

Solomon used the shop to carry on business as a receiver of stolen goods, known as a fence, becoming one of the most active Londoners in the "trade".

On 17 April 1810 Solomon, along with a man named Joel Joseph, were caught stealing a pocket book (valued at 4 shillings) and £40 in bank notes from one Mr. Thomas Dodd outside Westminster Hall (the site of Parliament) where a large crowd had gathered for a public meeting. Police chased the pair and caught them inside the Hall. Joseph attempted to get rid of the evidence by eating the bank notes, while Solomon tried to ditch the notebook.

Both were arrested and tried at the Old Bailey during the June Sessions 1810 and found guilty of stealing, a felony. [ [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/oldbailey/html_units/1810s/t18100606-89.html Proceedings of the Old Bailey – JOEL JOSEPH, ISAAC SOLOMON, theft : pick pocketing, 6th June, 1810.] ] Solomon, just 23 at the time, was sentenced to penal transportation, to spend the rest of his days in Australia. However, for reasons that are no longer clear, he remained in England, imprisoned in the Prison Hulk "Zetland" for four years, before being released in error or escaping.

Solomon returned to London in about 1818 and set up as a fence and pawn broker. He continued until being arrested again on 25 April 1827, when police charged Solomon with theft and receiving. The goods involved were 6 watches, 3½ yards (1.4 m) of woollen cloth, 17 shawls, 12 pieces of Valentia cloth, lace, bobbinet, caps and other articles. Solomon was committed for trial and lodged in Newgate Prison.

Solomon gained substantial notoriety with this arrest. Pamphlet publishers created three highly-exaggerated accounts of his criminal activity, which sold very well.

On a writ of habeas corpus, jailers took Solomon to the Court of King's Bench. The application failed and the guards led him to a hackney coach for the return to Newgate. Unknown to his captors, the coach was driven by Solomon's father-in-law. The turnkeys approved a detour through Petticoat Lane. At a prearranged place, some of Solomon's friends overpowered the guards and released Ikey.

Abscondment and his wife's arrest

Solomon fled England, going first to Denmark and then to the United States, arriving in New York in August 1827.

Ikey's escape from custody was prominent news throughout England. Police quickly focused on Ikey's family.

Officers arrested Solomon's wife, Ann, and charged her with receiving stolen goods. She was found guilty and sentenced to penal transportation to Tasmania (then known as "Van Diemen's Land"). The judge allowed Solomon's four youngest children (all under the age of ten) to accompany Ann on the transport ship. Their two oldest sons, John, 20, and Moses, 19, sailed to Tasmania independently in order to be with their mother.

Ikey's father was also charged with theft, but the court allowed his sentence to be respited because of his age. (Henry claimed, "I am upwards of seventy years old," although the Old Bailey records him as being 69).

Journey to be with his wife

Ann traveled in the ship "Mermaid", arriving at Hobart Town Penal Colony in June 1828. Back in New York, Ikey Solomon learned from newspapers that his wife had been transported. He decided he would sail to Tasmania in order to be with her. Solomon first went to Rio de Janeiro, then sailed in the "Coronet" to Hobart. He traveled under the assumed name of Slowman.

Hobart, Tasmania's capitol, was the enforced home of many of Solomon's old criminal colleagues and customers. These individuals quickly recognized Ikey when he arrived on 6 October 1828.

Solomon's London escape had made him a notorious fugitive, but he had not broken any laws in Tasmania. As a result, Tasmanian Lieutenant-Governor Colonel George Arthur could not arrest Solomon without a warrant from London. On 17 October 1828 he wrote to the Colonial Office requesting one.

This warrant took 12 months to reach Tasmania. In the meantime, Solomon opened a tobacco shop/general store in Hobart's Elizabeth Street. He also began petitioning to have his wife assigned to his household.

Ann Solomon had initially been assigned as a servant to police officer Richard Newman, but quarrels broke out and she was sent to the Tasmania's Female House of Correction.

Ikey made a number of requests that Ann be assigned to him. Lieutenant-Governor Arthur finally agreed to the assignment after Ikey entered into a £1000 bond to guarantee that his wife would not escape from the colony, and a number of local publicans and merchants, including John Pascoe Fawkner, entered into sureties of £100 or £200 each.

Arrest and return to England

The warrants for Ikey Solomon's arrest finally arrived in November 1829 aboard the "Lady of the Lake". Hobart authorities immediately arrested Solomon.

Solomon's counsel, however, had him brought before the court on a writ of habeas corpus. The judge approved Solomon's release because of a technical fault in the London warrants, but fixed bail at £2000, with four sureties of £500.

Solomon's friends found it difficult to raise so much money. Lieutenant-Governor Arthur finally issued a warrant in his own name against Solomon. Police arrested Ikey and placed him on board the ship "Prince Regent" to be sent back to England.

Sydney and Hobart newspapers denounced the governor's refusal to abide by the principles of habeas corpus. Thomas Capon, the chief constable, had to accompany Ikey on the voyage because the ship's master refused to guarantee Solomon's safe arrival.

Trial and return to the penal colony

Ikey's trial at the Old Bailey in June 1830 caused a sensation and was extensively reported in the newspapers and the pamphlets of the day. As there are strong similarities between his trial and Fagin's trial in "Oliver Twist" (Ch 52) it is highly likely that Dickens used it as the basis for Fagin's trial.

Solomon was tried at the Old Bailey on eight charges of receiving stolen goods, found guilty on two, and sentenced to transportation for fourteen years. [ [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18300708-140 Proceedings of the Old Bailey – ISAAC SOLOMON, Theft > receiving, 8th July 1830.] ] [ [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18300708-141 Proceedings of the Old Bailey – ISAAC SOLOMON, Theft > simple larceny, 8th July 1830.] ] [ [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18300708-177 Proceedings of the Old Bailey – ISAAC SOLOMON, Theft > simple larceny, 8th July 1830.] ] [ [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/oldbailey/html_units/1830s/t18301209-107.html Proceedings of the Old Bailey – ISAAC SOLOMON, theft : receiving stolen goods, 9th December, 1830.] ] The Judge referred to Solomon as being "evil-disposed", another indication of the large notoriety he had garnered.

Solomon was sent back to Hobart in the "William Glen Anderson", arriving in November 1831. He was sent to Richmond gaol, where in 1832 he became a "javelin man", or convict constable. In 1834 he was transferred to Port Arthur Convict Settlement. In 1835, authorities granted Solomon a ticket-of-leave on condition that he lived at least twenty miles (32 km) from Hobart.

Family breakup

When Ikey was released from prison he took up residence at New Norfolk and tried to reunite with his family, although the two elder sons seem to have left Van Diemen's Land by that time.

Solomon had become estranged from his wife and children and there were violent quarrels. Most of the children took their mother's part. Some sources say that Ikey turned the children out of his house, while others say that the children turned out their father.

Ann Solomon was returned to the Female House of Correction as a result of some of these altercations. Her daughter Ann had to write numerous petitions before her mother was released in September 1835.

Ikey and Ann lived apart for the remainder of their lives. The elder Ann Solomon was granted a ticket-of-leave in November 1835 and a conditional pardon in May 1840.

Ikey remained in New Norfolk till 1838. He was living at New Town in 1840 when he was granted a conditional pardon. He received his certificate of freedom in 1844.

Death

Solomon died on September 3rd, 1850 and was buried the next day in the Jewish cemetery in Harrington Street, Hobart. His estate was worth no more than £70.

What remained of the little Jewish Cemetery in Harrington Street, (possibly the oldest Jewish Cemetery in Australia) was bulldozed in 2002. It had been officially closed in 1872 and, following the site becoming property of the state in 1945, what memorials remained were removed as an apartment complex was built on the site over the next decade. [ [http://www.abc.net.au/rn/relig/ark/stories/s1554274.htm Ikey Solomon, Another Australian Icon?] ]

References

* Additional Old Bailey records:
** [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/display_20050804.jsp?mode=bailey&file=html_units%2F1820s%2Ft18241202-110.html&hil=content:(Ikey%20AND%20Solomons)#firsthil Separate Case detailing Ikey's Fencing, 2nd December 1824]
** [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/display_20050804.jsp?mode=bailey&file=html_units%2F1820s%2Ft18270712-45.html&hil=content:(Ikey%20AND%20Solomon)#firsthil Ikey's Father's Court appearance, 12th July, 1827]
** [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18270913-336 Ann Solomons Court Conviction, 13th September 1827]
** [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18270913-337 Ann Solomons Court acquittal on a separate Charge, 13th September 1827]
** [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18270913-338 Ann Solomons Court acquittal on a further separate Charge, 13th September 1827]
** [http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?id=o18310512-2-punish1161&div=o18310512-2 Ikey's Sentence to Transportation, 12th May, 1831]
** [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/hitlist_bailey.jsp?mode=bailey&table=name&surname=Solomon&surname_type=exact&given=Isaac&alias=&occupation=&sin=&context=&gender=&min_month=00&min_year=1810&max_month=13&max_year=1827 All cases with Isaac Solomon as defendant or mentioned in passing, 1810–1823]
** [http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/luceneweb/hri3/hitlist_bailey.jsp?mode=bailey&table=name&surname=Solomon&surname_type=exact&given=Isaac&alias=&occupation=&sin=&context=&gender=&min_month=00&min_year=1828&max_month=13&max_year=1850 All cases with Isaac Solomon as defendant or mentioned in passing, 1830–1832]

External links

* [http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:Q3wR_FYIYaUJ:www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/agency/pro/walfordterraces/documents/3_12.pdf+%22jews+burial+ground%22+site:dhhs.tas.gov.au&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us New Zealand Government record of the "Jews Burial ground"]
* [http://www.law.mq.edu.au/sctas/html/1829cases/RvSolomon,1829.htm Records from the "Colonial Times" regarding Ikey's court appearances in Van Diemen's Land]