Evolutionarily Significant Unit

An Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) (often lowercased where used without abbreviation, as evolutionarily significant unit) is a population of organisms that is considered distinct for purposes of conservation. Delineating ESUs is important when considering conservation action.

This term can apply to any species, subspecies, geographic race, or population. Often the term "species" is used rather than ESU, even when an ESU is more technically considered a subspecies or variety rather than a biological species proper. In marine animals the term stock is often used as well.

Definitions of an ESU generally include at least one of the following criteria:Jeffrey Conner, Daniel Hartl. "A Primer of Ecological Genetics". 2004.]
# Current geographic separation,
# Genetic differentiation at "neutral markers" (see below) among related ESUs caused by past restriction of gene flow, or
# Locally adapted phenotypic traits caused by differences in selection.

Criterion 2 considers the gene flow between populations, measured by F_ST. A high degree of differentiation at neutral markers (differences in allele frequencies) implies a lack of gene flow, showing that random drift has occurred in isolation from other populations. Very few migrants per generation are needed to prevent strong differentiation of neutral markers. Even a single migrant per generation may be enough for neutral markers to show gene flow between populations, making it difficult to differentiate the populations through neutral markers.

Criterion 3 does not consider neutral genetic markers, instead looking at locally adapted traits of the population. Local adaptations may be present even with some gene flow from other populations, and even when there is little differentiation at neutral markers among ESUs. Reciprocal transplantation experiments are necessary to test for genetic differentiation for phenotypic traits, and differences in selection gradients across habitats. Such experiments are generally more difficult than the fixation index tests of criterion 2, and may be impossible for very rare or endangered species.

For example, Cryan's buckmoth ("Hemileuca maia" subsp.) feeds only on the herb "Menyanthes trifoliata", commonly known as buckbean, and while indistinguishable morphologically from related buckmoths, and not differentiated at the genetic markers tested, the moth is highly adapted to its host plant, having 100% survivorship on "Menyanthes", while close genetic relatives all died when reared on the plant.Fact|date=January 2008 In this case gene flow was sufficient to reduce differentiation at neutral markers, but did not prevent local host adaptation.

Both criteria 2 and 3 have the problem that there is no clear dichotomy between ESU and not-ESU, as genetic differentiation between populations forms a continuum, prompting a contention for consideration of both genetic and ecological processes in identifying ESUs [Crandall et al. 2000. Considering evolutionary processes in conservation biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 15:290-295.] . Because the different approaches to designating ESUs each have their benefits, and the need and form of management prescriptions may vary across contexts, some support an "adaptive" approach to identification of ESUs, for instance suggesting consideration of facets from numerous designation methods [Fraser and Bernatchez. 2001. Adaptive evolutionary conservation: towards a unified concept for defining conservation units. Molecular Ecology 10:2741-2752.] .

United States Endangered Species Act

For the purposes of the Endangered Species Act a "species" is defined to include "any distinct population segment of any species of vertebrate fish or wildlife which interbreeds when mature." However, the Act does not define what constitutes a "distinct population segment," but this is generally considered to be synonymous with an "evolutionarily significant unit", so that it must:

# be substantially reproductively isolated from other conspecific populations, and
# represent an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the biological speciesWaples, R. S. 1991. Pacific salmon, "Oncorhynchus spp.", and the definition of "species" under the Endangered Species Act. Mar. Fish. Rev. 53(3):11-22.]

Other equivalent terms

The equivalent term used by COSEWIC is Wildlife Species, or for brevity just species, which is used to refer to biological species, subspecies, varieties, or geographically or genetically distinct populations of organisms. [http://www.cosepac.gc.ca/eng/sct0/assessment_process_e.cfm]

References