River Liffey

Infobox River | river_name = River Liffey


caption = Boardwalks of Liffey and O'Connell Bridge, in Dublin
origin = "Mt. Kippure", County Wicklow
mouth = Irish Sea at Dublin Bay
basin_countries = Ireland
length = ~125 km (75 mi)
elevation = ~500 m (1,640 ft)
discharge = "N/A"
watershed = "N/A"

The Liffey ("An Life" in Irish) is a river in Ireland, which flows through the centre of Dublin. Its major tributaries include the River Dodder, the River Poddle and the River Camac.

Name

The river was previously named "An Ruirthech", meaning "fast (or strong) runner". [ [http://www.dublincastle.ie/history1.html Dublin Castle - Prehistoric Dublin - Chapter 1] ] The word "Liphe" (or "Life") referred originally to the name of the plain through which the river ran, but eventually came to refer to the river itself. [ Byrne, F. J. 1973. Irish Kings and High-Kings. Dublin. p.150] It was also known as the Anna Liffey, [As indicated by published in 1831] possibly from an Anglicization of "Abhainn na Life," the Irish phrase that translates into English as "River Liffey." [ [http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/S/0159/S.0159.199905260005.html Seanad Éireann - Vol 159, May, 1999 - Motion on National Archives - David Norris (senator and Trinity lecturer) referencing Georgian Society records] ]

Course

The Liffey rises between Kippure and Tonduff in the Wicklow mountains, and flows for around km to mi | 125 | abbr=yes | precision=0 through counties Wicklow, Kildare and Dublin before entering the Irish Sea at the mouth of Dublin Bay on a line extending from the Baily lighthouse to the Muglin Rocks.

There are three ESB hydroelectric power stations along the river, at Poulaphouca, Golden Falls and Leixlip, as well as a number of minor private installations.

Towns along the river include Ballymore Eustace, Athgarvan, Newbridge, Caragh, Clane, Celbridge, Leixlip and Lucan before the river reaches the city of Dublin at its mouth.

Navigation and use

The River Liffey in Dublin city has been used for many centuries for trade, from the Viking beginnings of the city up to recent times.

A well-known sight on the Liffey up to the 1990s, the "Lady Patricia" [http://www.irishships.com/guinness_boats.htm IrishShips.com - Background on the Guinness boats on the Liffey] ] and "Miranda Guinness" cargo ships were used to export Guinness from the St. James's Gate Brewery.

In recent years, the only regular traffic on the river within the city is the "Liffey Voyage" water tour bus service, which runs guided tours along the River Liffey through Dublin City centre. Departing from the boardwalk downstream of the Ha'penny Bridge, the "Spirit of the Docklands" runs under O'Connell Bridge, Butt Bridge and the Talbot Memorial Bridge on a journey downstream, passing the Custom House before turning at the Grand Canal Basin and back up stream. Built by "Westers Mekaniska" in Sweden, this 50 passenger water taxi, has variable ballast tanks (not unlike a submarine) and an exceptionally low air draught which means that at low tide it can float high, but at high tide it can ride low and still pass smoothly below the Liffey Bridges.

Upstream from the city, at Chapelizod, the river is used by both university and Garda rowing clubs. The Liffey Descent canoeing event, held each year since 1960, covers a km to mi | 27 | abbr=yes | precision=0 course from Straffan to Islandbridge.

Downstream of the East-Link bridge, the river is still mainly used for commercial and ferry traffic, with some recreational use also. High speed trips out the mouth of the Liffey are also available from "Sea Safari". [ [http://www.seasafari.ie Sea Safari] ]

Crossings

Dividing the Northside of Dublin from the Southside, the Liffey is spanned by numerous bridges mostly open to vehicular traffic. Notable are the West-Link Bridge on the M50 motorway, the Sean Heuston Bridge, the O'Connell Bridge, and the Millennium and Ha'penny foot bridges.

Crossings further upriver include the Liffey Bridge at Celbridge, "The Bridge at 16" (a 19th century pedestrian suspension bridge at the K Club), and the Leinster Aqueduct - which carries the Grand Canal over the Liffey at Caragh.

The earliest stone bridge over the Liffey of which there is solid evidence was the Bridge of Dublin (on the site of the current Fr. Mathew Bridge), built by the Dominicans in 1428, which survived well into the 18th century. This bridge with four arches included various buildings such as a chapel, bakehouse and possibly an inn [cite book|author=Liffey Bridges Survey team|title=The Liffey Bridges|page=4|date=1987] and replaced an earlier wooden bridge (Dubhghalls Bridge) on the same site. Island Bridge (a predecessor of the current bridge) was added in 1577. With the development of commercial Dublin in the 17th century, four new bridges were added between 1670 and 1684: Barrack, or Bloody Bridge, (the forerunner of the current Rory O'More Bridge), Essex Bridge (Grattan Bridge), Ormond Bridge (O'Donovan Rossa Bridge) and Arran Bridge. The oldest bridge still standing is the Mellows Bridge, (originally Queens Bridge) constructed in 1764 on the site of the Arran Bridge, which was destroyed by floods in 1763. The first iron bridge was the elegant Ha'penny Bridge built in 1816.

Quays

The song about "Seamus Rafferty" refers to the "bowsies on the quay" - However, recent years have seen much development on the quays, with the addition of linear parks and overhanging boardwalks which give the river banks renewed life.

There are quays on the North bank and the South bank of the Liffey, extending from the weir at Islandbridge to Ringsend bridge over the river Dodder, just before the East Link Toll bridge.

Starting East to West, the quays on the Northern Bank are:Bridgewater, Wolfe Tone, Sarsfield, Ellis, Arran, Inns, Ormonde Upper, Ormonde Lower, Bachelors Walk, Eden, Custom House, and North Wall.

Starting East to West, the quays on the Southern Bank are:Victoria, Usher's Island, Usher's, Merchants, Wood, Essex, Wellington, Crampton, Aston, Burgh, George's, City, Sir John Rogerson's, and Great Britain.

In print and song

From Joyce to Radiohead, the Liffey is often referenced in literature and song:Quote_box
width=95%
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quote="riverrun, past Eve and Adam's, from swerve of shore to bend of bay, brings us by a commodius vicus of recirculation back to Howth Castle and Environs."
source=James Joyce, "Finnegans Wake" (first sentence of novel).|Quote_box
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quote=A skiff, a crumpled throwaway, Elijah is coming, rode lightly down the Liffey, under Loopline Bridge, shooting the rapids where water chafed around the bridgepiers, sailing eastward past hulls and anchorchains, between the Custom House old dock and George’s quay.
source=James Joyce, "Ulysses (novel)"|Quote_box
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quote=She asked that it be named for her. - The river took its name from the land. - the land took its name from the woman.
source=Eavan Boland, "Anna Liffey"|Quote_box
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quote=That there, that's not me - I go where I please - I walk through walls - I float down the Liffey
source=Radiohead, "How to Disappear Completely" from album Kid A"|Quote_box
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quote="Somebody once said that 'Joyce has made of this river the Ganges of the literary world,' but sometimes the smell of the Ganges of the literary world is not all that literary."
source=Brendan Behan, "Confessions of an Irish Rebel".|Quote_box
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quote="But the Angelus Bell o'er the Liffey's swell rang out through the foggy dew."
source=Peadar Kearney, "The Foggy Dew".|

References

External links

* [http://www.irishwhitewater.com/river_guide/river.php?id=236 Upper Liffey River Guide]