Burt Reynolds

Infobox actor
name = Burt Reynolds

---

caption = Reynolds in 1991
birthname = Burton Leon Reynolds
birthdate = birth date and age|1936|2|11
yearsactive = 1959-present
location = Lansing, Michigan, USA
spouse = Judy Carne (1963-1965)
Loni Anderson (1988-1993)
website = http://www.burtreynolds.com
emmyawards = Outstanding Lead Actor - Comedy Series
1991 "Evening Shade"
goldenglobeawards = Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture
1997 "Boogie Nights"

1991 "Evening Shade"

Burton Leon Reynolds, Jr. [cite web | url=http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Burt_Reynolds/194565 | title=Birthname | publisher=Hollywood.com] (born February 11, 1936) is an American actor. Some of his memorable roles include Lewis Medlock in "Deliverance", Paul Crewe in "The Longest Yard", Bo 'Bandit' Darville in "Smokey and the Bandit", J.J. McClure in "The Cannonball Run" and Jack Horner in "Boogie Nights". He is one of America's most recognizable film and television personalities. With more than 90 feature film and 300 television episode credits, he was the number-one box-office attraction for five straight years (1978-82). [ [http://www.quigleypublishing.com/MPalmanac/Top10/Top10_lists.html Top Ten Money Making Stars - of the past 74 years] ]

Early life

Reynolds' parents were Burton Reynolds, who was half-Cherokee, and his wife, Fern. Reynolds states in his autobiography that his family was living in Lansing when his father was drafted into the United States Army.Severalsources list Waycross, Georgia as Reynold's birthplace (cite web|url=http://www.tcmdb.com/participant/participant.jsp?participantId=160584|25111&afiPersonalNameId=null|title=Birthplace|publisher=Turner Classic Movies, cite web|url=http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/hoekstra/240075,CST-FTR-rv02.article|title=Birthplace|publisher=Chicago Sun-Times (article from 2007) and cite web|url=http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biography_story/509:127/1/Burt_Reynolds.htm|title=Birthplace|publisher=Biography Channel), for example, while other sources show that he was born in Lansing, Michigan ( [http://www.burtreynolds.com/features.personal_faqs/ Burt Reynold's Official website] ), ( [http://www.nndb.com/people/888/000023819/ NNBD] and [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-29786802.html The "Palm Beach Post", June 28, 2000] ). Reynolds' autobiography ("My Life") does not name his birthplace, although it does cover his childhood in Lansing, and fails to mention Waycross at all. For more discussion on Burt Reynolds' birthplace, see ()] Reynolds, his mother and his sister joined his father at Fort Leonard Wood, where they lived for two years. Reynolds has stated that his first memories are of playing in the Ozark woods at Fort Leonard Wood. When Reynold's father was sent to Europe, the family returned to Lansing, Michigan. After a short while, the Reynolds family moved to northern Michigan, across the road from his maternal grandparents' farm. Reynolds started attending school in Merritt, Michigan, where he felt he did not belong among the Native American, farm and backwoods children who made up most of the student body. [Reynolds. Pp. 5-12]

Reynolds' father was discharged from the Army in late 1945. In early 1946, while his parents were on a second honeymoon in Florida, his father was offered a job as general contractor for a new housing development in Riviera Beach, Florida. Reynolds moved to Riviera Beach with his parents, while his sister stayed in Michigan to finish the school year. The Reynolds family at first lived in a mobile home, but subsequently bought the first house that was completed in the new subdivision. [Reynolds. Pp. 14-7]

Reynolds thought he was in paradise. He had access to the Everglades to the west, the shore of the Lake Worth Lagoon to the east, and further east, across the Blue Heron Boulevard bridge to Singer Island, the Atlantic Ocean. He was fascinated by the Conch fishermen and their families who made up most of the population of Riviera Beach. [Reynolds. Pp. 17-8]

After two years his father's contractor job ended, and Reynolds' parents bought a lunch counter and sundry store next to the bridge to Singer Island. As the business was close to a large dock and some fish and shrimp packing houses, business was good. Soon after, Reynolds' father was recruited as a police officer for Riviera Beach. When the police chief died a few years later, Reynolds' father became the chief. [Reynolds. Pp.18-9]

As his home was at the north edge of Riviera Beach, Reynolds attended school in Lake Park, just to the north of Riviera Beach. While he was in seventh grade, the Palm Beach County School Board decided that there were too few seventh grade students in the school to justify a teacher's salary, and Reynolds was transferred to Central Junior High School (now Alexander W. Dreyfoos School of the Arts) in West Palm Beach. Reynolds felt lost at the big school, and started hanging out with greasers and skipping school. He also began showing off with dangerous stunts, such as diving off the top of a raised drawbridge, and jumping from an airboat onto the back of a running deer. [Reynolds. Pp. 17, 22-4]

When Reynolds was twelve he became friends with Jimmy Hooks. After learning that Jimmy was being physically abused in his home, Reynolds took Jimmy home with him and told his parents he wanted Jimmy to be his brother. The family took Jimmy in, eventually officially adopting him years later when Jimmy was in his twenties. [Reynolds. Pp. 17, 27-8]

When Reynolds was fourteen he tried out for the football team at Central Junior High. He had never played organized sports, but worked hard at practice, earned his letterman's sweater, and was named to the county all-star team. The next year, when Reynolds entered high school, he made the varsity team, but did not have much opportunity to play. In his junior year he had more opportunity to play. Seeing his ability, and foreseeing that he was likely to receive scholarship offers, one of Reynolds' coaches persuaded him to take the courses necessary to enter a college. In his senior year Reynolds was named First Team All State and All Southern as a fullback, and received multiple scholarship offers. [Reynolds. Pp. 17, 33-7, 41-4] His most notable performance came against Swartz Creek High School where he rushed for 310 yards and four touchdowns while playing with a strained calf muscle.

College

After graduating from Palm Beach High School in West Palm Beach, Florida, Reynolds attended Florida State University on a college football scholarship, becoming an all-star halfback. [Photo gallery of Reynolds at FSU: http://heritage.fsu.edu/photos/burtatfsu.html] While at Florida State, Reynolds joined the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, the football team's fraternity of choice. He was anticipating a very good season his second year, with expectations of being named to All American teams, and an eventual career in professional football. In the first game of the season Reynolds tore the cartilage in his knee. He made the injury worse by trying to play again later in the game, and then again in a couple of games late in the season. On Christmas break that year, Reynolds ran his father's car up under a flatbed trailer that was sitting across a dark street. The car was wedged under the trailer, and it took rescuers seven and a half hours to remove Reynolds from the wreckage. He had multiple injuries, including his knee, shoulder, some broken ribs, and a ruptured spleen, the last of which was removed in emergency surgery. [Reynolds. Pp. 49-56]

With his college football career ended, Reynolds considered becoming a police officer, but his father suggested that he finish college and become a parole officer. In order to keep up with his studies he began taking classes at Palm Beach Junior College (PBJC) in neighboring Lake Park. In his first term at PBJC Reynolds was in a class taught by Watson B. Duncan III. Duncan pushed Reynolds into trying out for a play he was producing, "Outward Bound". He cast Reynolds in the lead, based on his impressions from listening to Reynolds read Shakespeare in class. Reynolds won the 1956 Florida State Drama Award for his performance in "Outward Bound". Reynolds calls Duncan his mentor and the most-influential person in his life. [Reynolds. Pp. 57-9]

Career

The Florida State Drama Award included a scholarship to the Hyde Park Playhouse, a summer stock theater, in Hyde Park, New York. Reynolds saw the opportunity as an agreeable alternative to more physically demanding summer jobs, but did not yet see acting as a career. While working at Hyde Park Reynolds met Joanne Woodward, who helped Reynolds find an agent, and be cast in "Tea and Sympathy" at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City. Reynolds received favorable reviews for his performance in "Tea and Sympathy". Reynolds then went on tour with "Tea and Sympathy", driving the bus as well as appearing on stage. [Reynolds. Pp. 59-63.]

After the tour Reynolds returned to New York and enrolled in acting classes. His classmates included Frank Gifford, Carol Lawrence, Red Buttons and Jan Murray. After a botched improvisation in acting class, Reynolds briefly considered returning to Florida, but he soon got a part in a revival of "Mister Roberts", with Charlton Heston as the star. After the play closed, the director, John Forsythe, arranged a movie audition with Josh Logan for Reynolds. The movie was "Sayonara", and Reynolds was told he couldn't be in the movie because he looked too much like Marlon Brando. Logan advised Reynolds to go to Hollywood, but Reynolds did not feel confident enough to do so. [Reynolds. Pp. 63-5.]

Reynolds worked odd jobs while waiting for acting opportunities. He waited tables, washed dishes, drove a delivery truck and worked as a bouncer at the Roseland Ballroom. It was while working as a dockworker that Reynolds was offered $150 to jump through a glass window on a live television show. [Reynolds. Pp. 65-7.]

He made his Broadway debut in "Look, We've Come Through". Reynolds first starred on television, in the 1950s series, "Riverboat", and went on to appear in a number of other shows, including a role as blacksmith Quint Asper on "Gunsmoke" from 1962–1965.

His film debut was in 1961, in the movie "Angel Baby". At the urging of friend Clint Eastwood, Reynolds used his TV fame to secure leading roles in overseas low budget films, commonly called "Spaghetti Westerns". (Eastwood advised Reynolds from experience, as he had done the same). Reynolds first Spaghetti Western, "Navajo Joe", came out in 1966. These low budget starring roles established Reynolds as a bankable leading man in movies, and earned him starring roles in American big-budget motion pictures. His breakout performance in "Deliverance" in 1972 made him a star. The same year, Reynolds gained notoriety when he posed naked in the April (Vol. 172, No. 4) issue of "Cosmopolitan Magazine".

Reynolds claims he was offered the role of James Bond by producer Albert R. Broccoli, after Sean Connery left the franchise. Reynolds turned the role down, saying "An American can't play James Bond. It just can't be done." [http://movies.monstersandcritics.com/news/article_1038368.php] In 1973, he released the album "Ask Me What I Am". He would also sing in "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas".

Reynolds appeared on ABC's "The American Sportsman" hosted by outdoors journalist Grits Gresham, who took celebrities on hunting, fishing, and shooting trips around the world.

On March 15, 1978, Reynolds earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and in the same year built a dinner theatre in Jupiter, Florida. His celebrity was such that he drew not only big-name stars to appear in productions but sell-out audiences as well. He sold the venue in the early 1990s.

In the 1980s, after "Smokey and the Bandit", he became typecast in similar, less well-done and less successful movies. Comedian and actor Robert Wuhl, in a standup act in the late 80s, said that "Burt Reynolds makes so many bad movies, when someone else makes a bad movie Burt gets a "royalty"!" He had his hand at producing a television show with friend Bert Convy in 1987, "Win, Lose or Draw". He even appeared as a celebrity gameplayer in a few episodes of the show.

During the first half of the 1990s, he was the star of the CBS television series "Evening Shade", for which he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (1991).

Despite much success, Reynolds' finances were bad, due in part to an extravagant lifestyle, a messy divorce from Loni Anderson (see below), and failed investments in some Florida restaurant chains; consequently, in 1996, Reynolds filed for bankruptcy. [Laura J. Margulies (2008), " [http://www.law-margulies.com/CM/BankruptcyArticles/BankruptcyArticles3.asp Famous Bankruptcies] ".] Gary Eng Walk (07 October1998), " [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,83772,00.html Burt Reynolds closes the book on Chapter 11] ", "Entertainment Weekly"] The filing was under Chapter 11, from which Reynolds emerged two years later.

Reynolds started a comeback with the movie "Striptease" in 1996, and the critically acclaimed "Boogie Nights", in 1997, put his career back on track. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "Boogie Nights" and won a Golden Globe Award for the movie. He was considered a front-runner for the Supporting Oscar, but ultimately lost to Robin Williams, who won it for his role in "Good Will Hunting".

In early 2000, he created and toured "Burt Reynolds' One Man Show". In 2002, he lent his voice to the character Avery Carrington in the controversial video game "".

In 2005, he co-starred in two remakes: the first released was of "The Longest Yard", this time with Adam Sandler playing the role of Paul Crewe, the role Reynolds had played in the 1974 original. This time around, Reynolds took on the role of Nate Scarborough. The second was of the hit 1980s TV series "The Dukes of Hazzard", as Boss Hogg.

He starred in the audio book version of "The Worst Case Scenario Handbook". In May 2006, Reynolds began appearing in Miller Lite beer commercials. In 2007 at the World Stuntman Awards he was awarded the Taurus Lifetime Achievement Award. While presenting him with the award Arnold Schwarzenegger referred to him as the greatest of the great.

outhern filmmaking

Although Reynolds had already made eleven films, his performance as Lewis, the macho Atlanta businessman in John Boorman's 1972 film adaptation of James Dickey's novel "Deliverance", signaled the beginning of his box-office popularity. Hailed as one of the year's best films, "Deliverance" is the story of four suburbanites' harrowing journey into Appalachian Georgia. Filmed on Georgia's Chattooga River, "Deliverance" also marked the beginning of Reynolds's devotion to making films in and about the South.

The following year Reynolds was persuaded to play the role of a moonshiner in the film "White Lightning" after the filmmakers promised to shoot in the South. "White Lightning", which was filmed in Arkansas, broke attendance records nationwide, and the film's success encouraged Hollywood studios to make more southern films. In 1976 Reynolds both starred in and made his directorial debut with "Gator", the sequel to "White Lightning". Deciding to shoot "Gator" entirely in Georgia, Reynolds announced that "I have this violent urge to get behind the camera... I want to say some nice things about the South."

In 1974 Reynolds starred in "The Longest Yard", which was filmed at the Georgia State Prison in Reidsville. In the film Reynolds portrays a former athletic star forced to compete in a life-and-death football game. Many inmates served as extras and helped to construct the sets, including a football field that was given to the prison after filming was complete. Governor Jimmy Carter played a key role in the orchestration of the project and, according to Reynolds, promised that he "would personally come in and take me out if anything happened." The film, remade in 2005 with Reynolds in the role of Coach Nate Scarborough was popular with audiences, but not with critics.

During the next few years Reynolds continued his pattern of choosing southern-themed films that were often shot, at least partially, in the South. In the 1975 film "W. W. and the Dixie Dance Kings", filmed in Nashville, Tennessee, he played the fast-talking, gas station robbing manager of a group of country musicians whose collective dream is to one day play the Grand Ole Opry. Two years later, "Smokey and the Bandit", which also features the Georgia musician Jerry Reed, was released and is one of Reynolds's best-known and loved films. Filmed entirely in Georgia, the successful comedy was followed in 1980 by "Smokey and the Bandit II", which was filmed partially in Georgia.

Reynolds's next film, "The Cannonball Run" 1981, was shot almost entirely in Georgia, referred to as "Burt's good luck state" by the director, Hal Needham. That same year Reynolds directed and starred in "Sharky's Machine". Filmed entirely in Atlanta, the movie features Reynolds as a narcotics officer investigating the murder of a prostitute in the city.

During these years, Reynolds starred in a number of other notable films, including "The Man Who Loved Cat Dancing" 1973; "Semi-Tough" 1977; "The End" 1978, which he also directed; "Starting Over" 1979; and "The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas" 1982, which was filmed mostly in Texas. [cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.com/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1516&hl=y|title=Southern Filmmaking|publisher=The Georgia Encyclopedia]

In 2008, Reynolds is slated to star in an upcoming film to be shot in Clearwater Beach, Florida called "A Fonder Heart."Fact|date=August 2008

Personal life

Relationships

At various points in his life, Reynolds was romantically involved with Lucie Arnaz, Adrienne Barbeau, Susan Clark, Sally Field, Lorna Luft, Tawny Little, Dolly Parton, Pam Seals, Dinah Shore, [Anderson. 251-253, 262-263] and Chris Evert. [cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:108069~T1|title=Chris|publisher=Allmovie.com] His relationship with Shore garnered particular attention given the fact she was 20 years his senior. Reynolds was married to actress/comedienne Judy Carne from 1963 to 1965, and actress Loni Anderson from 1988 to 1993, with whom he adopted a son, Quinton Anderson Reynolds. "E! Online" reports that he dated Kate Edelman Johnson from 2003 to 2005. [cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/celebrities/profile/index.jsp?uuid=bf6f466e-efbe-485b-86d1-b0dada8b06c1|title=Kate|publisher=E!]

His autobiography, titled "My Life", was published in 1994 with much writing help from his close personal friend, Al Glasgow.

ports team owner

On July 3, 1982, Reynolds lived out one of his dreams by once again getting involved with a sport that still holds a certain soft spot in his heart, by becoming a co-owner of the Tampa Bay Bandits, a professional football team in the USFL. Other owners included John Bassett, a Canadian movie producer, and Stephen Arky, an attorney from Miami. Reynolds was a general partner of the team from 1982 to 1985, the entire existence of the USFL. The team held a winning record in every year. In 1983 they went 11–7–0 in the Central Division but did not make the playoffs. In 1984 they went 14–4–0 in the Southern Division and lost in the conference semifinals to the Birmingham Stallions 36–17. In 1985 they went 10–8–0 in the Eastern Conference but lost in the quarterfinals to the Oakland Invaders 30–27.

Reynolds also co-owned a NASCAR Winston Cup team with Hal Needham, which ran the #33 Skoal Bandits car, with driver Harry Gant.

Filmography

Awards and achievements

*1978 Star (for motion pictures) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6838 Hollywood Blvd. [cite web|url=http://www.wireimage.com/GalleryListing.asp?nbc1=1&navtyp=CAL=93100&ym=197803|title=Walk of Fame|publisher=Wire Image]
*National Association of Theater Owners No. 1 box-office star for five straight years (1978–82)
*1987 Eastman Kodak Second Century Award
*1991 American Cancer Society's Lifetime Achievement Award
*2000 Children at Heart Award [cite web|url=http://www.tv.com/burt-reynolds/person/4742/summary.html|title=2000 Children at Heart|publisher=TV.com]
*2003 Atlanta IMAGE Film and Video Award [cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.com/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1516&hl=y|title=2003 Atlanta Image Award|publisher=The New Georgia Encyclopedia]
*2007 Taurus Lifetime Achievement Award
*2007 Best Buddies Canada Lifetime Achievement Award [(cite web|url=http://tv.yahoo.com/burt-reynolds/contributor/29258/news/urn:newsml:cp.org:20070807:TV-63100030__ER:1|title=Best Buddy Lifetime Achievement Award|publisher=tv.yahoo.com)) Burt Reynolds received a lifetime achievement award from Best Buddies Canada. The Oscar-nominated actor received the honour at a benefit gala with musical guest Chantal Kreviazuk in Toronto on September 10, 2007. Best Buddies Canada is a national charitable organization dedicated to fostering friendships between students and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Reynolds is receiving its annual award for his decades-long "commitment to aiding and inspiring youth by supporting drama education and humanitarian causes", said the group. Such causes include the Burt Reynolds Institute for Theatre in Tequest, Florida, founded by the legendary actor in 1979. Donations by the star have also helped establish the Burt Reynolds Eminent Scholar Chair in Regional and Professional Theatre at Florida State University, and the Asolo Repertory Theatre in Sarasota, Florida Reynolds has already been honoured for his efforts in aiding the children of Chernobyl.]
*Emmy Awards
#1991 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series (for "Evening Shade")
*Golden Globes, USA
#1998 Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture (for "Boogie Nights")
#1992 Best Performance by an Actor in a TV-Series - Comedy/Musical (for "Evening Shade")
*People's Choice Awards, USA
#1991 Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Series
#1984 Favorite Motion Picture Actor (tied with Clint Eastwood)
#1983 Favorite Motion Picture Actor
#1983 Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer
#1982 Favorite Motion Picture Actor
#1982 Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer
#1980 Favorite Motion Picture Actor
#1979 Favorite Motion Picture Actor
#1979 Favorite All-Around Male Entertainer
*American Movie Awards
#1980 Favorite Film Star - Male
*National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA
#1998 Best Supporting Actor (for "Boogie Nights")
*Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
#1997 Best Supporting Actor (for "Boogie Nights")
*New York Film Critics Circle Awards

*Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
#1998 Best Supporting Actor (for "Boogie Nights")
*Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
#1998 Best Supporting Actor (for "Boogie Nights")
*Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards
#1998 Best Supporting Actor (for "Boogie Nights")
*Florida Film Critics Circle Awards
#1998 Best Ensemble Cast (for "Boogie Nights")
*Online Film Critics Society Awards
#1998 Best Supporting Actor (for "Boogie Nights")
*Viewers For Quality Television Awards
#1991 Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series (for "Evening Shade")
*Crystal Reel Awards
#2002 Lifetime Achievement Award
*Satellite Awards
#1998 Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture - Drama (for "Boogie Nights")
*ShoWest Convention, USA
#1998 Supporting Actor of the Year (for "Boogie Nights")
*Golden Boot Awards
#1990 Golden Boot
*National Association of Theater Owners
#1980 Male Star of the Year Award
#1978 Male Star of the Year Award
*Razzie Awards
#1997 Worst Screen Couple (for "Striptease")
#1994 Worst Actor (for "Cop and ½")

Honorary recognitions

Reynolds has received a number of honorary recognitions over the years, mostly keys to various cities, or deputy badges from being deputized.
*Keys to the cities of: Hollywood, Florida / Miami Beach, Florida / Ocala, Florida / Orlando, Florida / Palm Beach County, Florida / West Palm Beach, Florida/ Buena Park, California / Oxnard, California / Savannah, Georgia / Niagara Falls, New York / Clark County, Nevada / Piggott, Arkansas

*Deputy Sheriff Badges: Leon County, Florida / Tallahassee, Florida / Tampa, Florida / Mitchell County, Georgia / Ramsey County, Minnesota / Hawaii / South Carolina / Warrensville Township, Ohio / Arizona / Buffalo, New York City Police / dn|Jackson County / Jefferson Parish, Louisiana / Los Angeles County, California

*The X Files: "Improbable":Reynolds guest starred with Gillian Anderson, Robert Patrick, and Annabeth Gish in an episode of The X Files. The episode, "Improbable", aired in 2002 (Season 9 of the X Files). "Improbable" was about a murderer who chose his victims by their numerology. Burt Reynolds character, Mr. Burt, was a gambler and loved to play checkers. Though never outwardly mentioned, Mr. Burt is actually God trying to steer the killer away from his numerological destiny of murderFact|date=August 2008. This episode ended with an overview of Las Vegas which was shaped like Mr. Burt's head. "Improbable" was also known for it's unusual soundtrack by Karl Zero for The X Files.

Notes

References

*Reynolds, Burt. (1994) "My Life". New York: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6130-4
*Anderson, Loni. (1997) "My Life in High Heels". Avon Books. ISBN 9780380728541

External links

* [http://www.burtreynolds.com/ Reynolds' official website]
*imdb|608
* [http://www.burtreynoldsmuseum.org/ Burt Reynolds & Friends Museum]
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878005-1,00.html TIME Magazine (article from Monday, Aug.21, 1972)]
* [http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/hoekstra/240075,CST-FTR-rv02.article Chicago Sun-Times (article from February 7, 2007)]
* [http://movies2.nytimes.com/gst/movies/filmography.html?p_id=108069&mod=bio New York Times biography]
* [http://www.channel4.com/film/reviews/person.jsp?id=13725 Channel 4 (UK television)]
* [http://www.kruegerbooks.com/books/sig/reynolds-burt.html Signature of Burt Reynolds - My Life]
* [http://heritage.fsu.edu/photos/burtatfsu.html Photo gallery of Reynolds at FSU]