Organ Sonatas, Op. 65 (Mendelssohn)

Advertisement for the Organ Sonatas in the Musical World, 24 July 1845

Felix Mendelssohn's six Organ Sonatas, Op. 65, were published in 1845. Mendelssohn's biographer Eric Werner has written of them, 'next to Bach's works, Mendelssohn's Organ Sonatas belong to the required repertory of all organists'.^[1]

Background

Mendelssohn was a skilled organist and during his visits to Britain gave a number of well-received organ recitals. These often included the improvisations for which he was famous (e.g. at his recitals during his 1842 tour in London and Oxford).^[2] In an article in the magazine Musical World of 1838, the English organist Henry John Gauntlett noted:

His execution of Bach's music is transcendently great [...] His extempore playing is very diversified - the soft movements full of tenderness and expression, exquisitely beautiful and impassioned [...] In his loud preludes there are an endless variety of new ideas [....] and the pedal passages so novel and independent [...] as to take his auditor quite by surprise^[3]

These qualities are evident in the organ sonatas, which were commissioned as a 'set of voluntaries' by the English publishers Coventry and Hollier in 1844, (who also commissioned at the same time an edition by him of the organ chorales of J. S. Bach),^[4] and were published in 1845. Correspondence between Mendelssohn and Coventry relating to the Sonatas took place between August 1844 and May 1845. Mendelssohn suggested that Gauntlett undertake the proof reading but this was in fact probably carried out by Vincent Novello.^[5] The publisher's original announcement referred to the work as 'Mendelssohn's School of Organ-Playing' (see illustration), but this title was rescinded at the composer's request.^[6]

190 subscribers to the publication produced a sales income of £199/10/-. Mendelssohn himself received £60 from the publisher.^[7]

The music

In response to the commission, Mendelssohn at first drafted seven individual voluntaries, but then determined to extend and regroup them into a set of six sonatas, meaning by this not pieces in classical sonata form, but using the word as it had been used by Bach, for a collection or suite of varying pieces.^[8] The sonatas include references to a number of Bach chorales, and No. 3 (in A major) incorporates a processional piece which Mendelssohn had written for the wedding of his sister Fanny. No 4 was the last to be written.^[9]

The six sonatas are:

• No. 1 in F minor (Allegro - Adagio - Andante recitativo - Allegro assai vivace)
• No. 2 in C minor (Grave - Adagio - Allegro maestoso e vivace - Fugue: Allegro moderato)
• No. 3 in A major (based on the Luther's chorale Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir) (Con moto maestoso - Andante tranquillo)
• No. 4 in B♭ major (Allegro con brio - Andante religioso - Allegretto - Allegro maestoso)
• No. 5 in D major (Andante - Andante con moto - Allegro)
• No. 6 in D minor (based on the Lutheran Bach chorale Vater unser im Himmelreich, BWV 416) (Chorale and variations: Andante sostenuto - Allegro molto - Fuga - Finale:Andante)

Reception

Edmund Chipp, who probably gave the first public performance of Mendelssohn's Organ Sonatas

The sonatas demand good standards of pitch and touch from the organ and also a satisfactory pedalboard. Few English instruments were adequately equipped in these respects at the time, which probably explains the slow growth in interest in the pieces in Britain. Mendelssohn himself refused to play them when invited to do so at the Birmingham Festival of 1846, writing from Leipzig to his friend Ignaz Moscheles:

'[T]he last time I passed through Birmingham the touch of the organ appeared to me so heavy that I could not venture to perform upon it in public. If however it is materially improved I shall be happy to play one of my sonatas; but I should not wish this to be announced before I had tried the organ myself'.^[10]

The first public performance in Britain of any of the sonatas was probably given by Edmund Chipp in 1846;^[11] he also performed all six from memory in 1848.^[12] Although British critics rated the music highly, often drawing attention to its echoes of the composer's improvisatory style, Mendelssohn himself never performed any of the sonatas in public (either in England or elsewhere).^[13] He did however play them privately to the English music critic William Rockstro during the latter's visit to Frankfurt am Main in 1845, and wrote to his sister Fanny Mendelssohn in 1845 offering to play them to her.^[14]

The sonatas were well received in other European countries (as they had been simultaneously published by Maurice Schlesinger in Paris, Ricordi in Milan and Breitkopf & Härtel in Leipzig). Robert Schumann wrote to Mendelssohn in 1845 that he had played them over on the piano, and described them as 'intensely poetical [...] what a perfect picture they form!'.^[15] They are likely to have prompted Schumann's Six Fugues on B-A-C-H, and, later in the century, the sonatas of Josef Rheinberger.^[16]

The American Guild of Organists requires for its admissions examination that the examinee play at least one movement from one of the Mendelssohn sonatas.^[17]

External links

• Sonata no. 4, 4th movement on YouTube, played by Andreas Feyrer

Sources

• Brown, Clive, A Portrait of Mendelssohn, New Haven and London (2003) ISBN 9780300095395
• Edwards, F. G., Mendelssohn's Organ Sonatas in Proceedings of the Musical Association 21st Session (1894-5), pp. 1–16. London, 1895.
• Moscheles, Felix, Letters of Felix Mendelssohn to Ignaz and Charlotte Moscheles, London, 1888
• Scholes, Percy F., The Mirror of Music, 1844-1944, London and Oxford (1947) (2 vols.)
• Stanley, Glenn, The music for the keyboard, in The Cambridge Companion to Mendelssohn, ed. Peter Mercer-Taylor, Cambridge (2004)
• Todd, R. Larry, Mendelssohn, A Life in Music, Oxford (2003), ISBN 0195110439
• Werner, Eric, tr. D. Newlin, Mendelssohn:A New Image of the Composer and his Age, London, 1963

Notes

1. ^ Werner (1963), 424
2. ^ Todd (2003), 437-8.
3. ^ Cited in Brown (2003), 214-5
4. ^ Todd (2003), 478
5. ^ Edwards (1895), 3
6. ^ Werner (1963), 425
7. ^ Edwards (1895), 4
8. ^ Todd (2003), 486-7
9. ^ Todd (2003), 479, 487
10. ^ Moscheles (1878) 275-6, letter of 12 July 1846. Mendelssohn's previous visit to Birmingham had been in 1837 to conduct his oratorio St. Paul
11. ^ Edwards (1895), 5
12. ^ Scholes (1947), II, 596
13. ^ Stanley (2004), 159
14. ^ Edwards (1895), 5
15. ^ Scholes (1947), II, 596, Edwards (1895), 4
16. ^ Todd (2003), 487
17. ^ Werner (1963), 426