Oldham by-election, 1925

The Oldham by-election, 1925 was a by-election held on 24 June 1925 for the House of Commons constituency of Oldham. Oldham was at that time a two member constituency. The other seat was held by the Conservative Duff Cooper.

Vacancy

The election was triggered by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Edward Grigg, a former private secretary to David Lloyd George, on appointment to be Governor of Kenya.^[1]

Candidates

Liberals

The Liberals selected William Wiggins, a 54-year-old cotton manufacturer and former Mayor of Middleton in Lancashire as their candidate.^[2] Wiggins had previously contested Oldham as a Liberal. He fought the 1923 general election alongside Grigg but came third and was not elected.^[3]

Labour

Labour were keen to fight the by-election.^[4] They had held one of the Oldham seats from 1922 to 1924 when their MP, William Tout, lost to Duff Cooper and they re-selected Tout for the by-election contest.^[2]

Conservatives

At the 1924 general election the Labour Party had for the first time stood two candidates in Oldham.^[1] The response from Unionists and the Liberals was to put up only one candidate each to avoid splitting the vote against what was widely seen as a common socialist enemy. Edward Grigg openly allied with the Conservatives in what has been described as a ‘crusade against Labour’.^[5] The Unionists therefore had to decide whether to chance splitting the anti-Labour vote at the by-election by running their own candidate in opposition to Wiggins and they chose not to run the risk .^[6]

Lib-Con Pact?

The Liberals and the Conservatives insisted that no formal pact existed between them to stand only one candidate from each party in the two-member Oldham seat.^[7] But there clearly was a tacit understanding between them. In deciding not to run an candidate at the by-election, the Oldham Conservatives explained that “ ... in view of the attitude adopted by our party at the last election, we do not propose to nominate candidate at the forthcoming [by]-election ... ” ^[6] There was a formal, written, arrangement between the parties concerning the standing of rival candidates in local elections and it is evident that Grigg and Cooper received a large measure of support from each other’s core supporters.^[8]

When Wiggins’ nomination papers were submitted it was noted that all his sponsors were known Liberals. They included Father Ivory of St Mary’s Roman Catholic Church and a number of Irish assenters. The Catholic community remained a strong source of support for the Liberal Party throughout this campaign. They were said to be susceptible to appeals against socialism because of the dangers inherent under a socialist regime to special religious interests. The Liberals made use of a statement by Cardinal Bourne condemning class warfare in their campaign literature.^[9]

At this stage the Unionists were careful not to be formally associated with Wiggins’ nomination or to say publicly how they would advise their supporters to vote but leading local Conservatives were making no secret of their belief that normally Conservative voters would, in the circumstances of this by-election, support Wiggins as the anti-socialist candidate.^[10] Once the election was under way however the Unionists did issue a manifesto urging their supporters to give their unstinting support to the Liberal candidate.^[11]

Issues

Wiggins

Wiggins said before the election writ was issued that he wished to make finance, particularly the government’s duties on silk, a central point of his campaign. This was consistent with his declared position as a Free Trader but was also designed to help the Oldham Unionist Association with their decision on whether to run a candidate or not. Like Wiggins, many local Conservatives were prominent in the cotton trade and were against having to pay duties on silk and artificial silk.^[8] He also told the Oldham Liberals that he was would vote against any proposed expansion of the Safeguarding of Industries Act another pledge which he knew would find support amongst both traditional Liberal free traders and Conservatives.^[6]

For Wiggins however, the essential battleground of the election was the struggle between what he and the Conservatives regarded as Constitutional government and socialism. Wiggins argued that Tout believed in the nationalisation of railways, mines and land, policies which went far beyond any Liberal approach and which amounted to socialism.^[12] David Lloyd George speaking in support of Wiggins at Oldham on 20 June 1925 said that socialism was the plain issue in the election. He pointed out that when in Parliament Tout had voted for the nationalisation of all mills, factories and every shop of every description, including the co-operative stores. Now he had added land, mines and railways. The issue for Oldham, said Lloyd George, was whether they were in favour of taking all private property and the means of production and distribution and running it as a great department of State.^[13]

Tout

Tout’s job as an opposition candidate was to attack the government of Stanley Baldwin, as he did for example on the issue of the Gold Standard ^[9] and to point out to the electorate the inconsistency in Wiggins’ position as a Liberal fighting side by side with the Conservative Party yet seeking to go into opposition if elected.^[14] There was a concerted effort by Tout and other Labour politicians supporting him to make clear the contradictions in Wiggins’ position as a Free Trader reliant on the votes of supporters of a Conservative government which generally favoured tariff reform.^[7] They did their best to make Wiggins' honesty and sincerity an election issue.^[12] Labour also urged working class voters to support the industrial and economic policies of the party to bring about positive and material improvements in their working conditions and social surroundings.^[9]

Result

The result was a Liberal hold but by a reduced majority over that obtained at the previous general election. The turn out was 66% as opposed to 83% in 1924.^[3]

Oldham by-election, 1925
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Liberal	William Wiggins	26,325	54.8
	Labour	William Tout	21,702	45.2
Majority			4,623	9.6
	Liberal hold		Swing

See also

• Oldham by-election, 1899

References

1. ^ ^{a b} The Times, 28 May 1925 p14
2. ^ ^{a b} The Times, 5 June 1925 p14
3. ^ ^{a b} F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results, 1918–1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow, 1949 p211
4. ^ The Times, 29 May 1925 p14
5. ^ Chris Cook, The Age of Alignment: Electoral Politics in Britain 1922–1929; Macmillan, 1975 p99
6. ^ ^{a b c} The Times, 12 June 1925 p18
7. ^ ^{a b} The Times, 20 June 1925 p10
8. ^ ^{a b} The Times, 30 May 1925 p14
9. ^ ^{a b c} The Times, 24 June 1925 p9
10. ^ The Times, 17 June 1925 p18
11. ^ The Times, 23 June 1925 p18
12. ^ ^{a b} The Times, 16 June 1925 p10
13. ^ The Times, 22 June 1925 p16
14. ^ Friday, Jun 19, 1925; pg. 13