Non-lifting sign

The non-lifting sign is a medical term used to describe the suitability of large flat or sessile colorectal polyps for polypectomy by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). When fluid is injected under a polyp in preparation for endoscopic mucosal resection, some polyps do not "lift", indicating that the polyp is not separating from the submucosa. This makes polypectomy more technically difficult, and increases the risk of intestinal perforation if polypectomy is then attempted. It is also thought to be indicative of an early colorectal cancer that has invaded the submucosa significantly (sm3 - invasion down to the lower one third of the submucosa), which would make surgical removal of the tumour preferable to allow complete removal of the cancer. Consequently, the non-lifting sign is generally considered to be a contraindication to performing endoscopic mucosal resection.^[1]

History

The non-lifting sign was first described in 1994 by Yoshiharu Uno and Akihiro Munakata of the Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Japan.^[2]

In 1999 the same team showed that the presence of a non-lifting sign correlated with the depth of invasion of the submucosa by early colorectal cancers that were being considered for endoscopic resection.^[3] The tumours which did lift when fluid was injected were found to be less invasive than those that did not (sm1 or sm2 - invasion confined to the upper two thirds of the submucosa, with at least 1mm of uninvolved submucosa underneath). It is thought that the non-lifting sign is due to fibrosis around the tumour causing tethering of the tumour to the muscularis mucosae.

Subsequent research suggested that the non-lifting sign is less accurate in determining depth of tumour invasion than the assessment of tumours by the endoscopist, but still suggests that the presence of the sign makes endoscopic resection technically difficult.^[4] However, more recently it has been found that fibrosis may be caused when a tumour is biopsied before endoscopic mucosal resection is attempted, which leads to a false positive non-lifting sign and therefore reduces the apparent accuracy of the sign.^[1] The authors therefore recommended avoidance of biopsy of the lesions if EMR is to be attempted, and if biopsies have been taken the time before EMR is attempted should be minimised.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Han KS, Sohn DK, Choi DH, et al. (January 2008). "Prolongation of the period between biopsy and EMR can influence the nonlifting sign in endoscopically resectable colorectal cancers". Gastrointest. Endosc. 67 (1): 97–102. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2007.05.057. PMID 18155430. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016-5107(07)02410-8. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 
2. ^ Uno Y, Munakata A (1994). "The non-lifting sign of invasive colon cancer". Gastrointest. Endosc. 40 (4): 485–9. doi:10.1016/S0016-5107(94)70216-0. PMID 7926542. 
3. ^ Ishiguro A, Uno Y, Ishiguro Y, Munakata A, Morita T (September 1999). "Correlation of lifting versus non-lifting and microscopic depth of invasion in early colorectal cancer". Gastrointest. Endosc. 50 (3): 329–33. doi:10.1053/ge.1999.v50.98591. PMID 10462651. 
4. ^ Kobayashi N, Saito Y, Sano Y, et al. (August 2007). "Determining the treatment strategy for colorectal neoplastic lesions: endoscopic assessment or the non-lifting sign for diagnosing invasion depth?". Endoscopy 39 (8): 701–5. doi:10.1055/s-2007-966587. PMID 17661244. http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2007-966587.