- Nigger (dog)
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Nigger with members of 617 Squadron. His owner, Wg Cdr Guy Gibson is crouching on the right with a pipe in his mouth.
Nigger was a male black labrador retriever belonging to Wing Commander Guy Gibson, and the mascot of 617 Squadron. Nigger died on 16 May 1943, the day before the famous "Dam Busters" raid, when he was hit by a car. He was buried at midnight as Gibson was leading the raid. "Nigger" was the codeword Gibson used to confirm the breach of the Möhne Dam. Nigger's grave is at Royal Air Force station Scampton, Lincolnshire.[1] He had often accompanied Gibson on training flights.[1]
Contents
Portrayal on film
Censorship
Nigger was portrayed in the 1955 British war film The Dam Busters, in which he was mentioned by name frequently. The word nigger, which was in general use as a dog's name at the time, has since become culturally unacceptable. In 1999, British television network ITV broadcast a censored version of the film, with all instances of the name removed. ITV blamed regional broadcaster London Weekend Television, which in turn alleged that a junior staff member had been responsible for the unauthorised cuts. When ITV again showed a censored version in June 2001, it was criticised by Index on Censorship as "unnecessary and ridiculous" and because the edits introduced continuity errors.[2][3][4] The code word "nigger" transmitted in Morse Code upon the successful completion of the central mission was not censored.
Some edited American versions of the film use dubbing to change Nigger's name to Trigger.[2][3] However, recent[when?] American showings on the Turner Classic Movies (TCM) channel do not censor or change the name. Scenes in which Nigger is referred to by name appear in Pink Floyd The Wall.
Animal wrangling
Nigger's grave
Area around the graveThe animal used to portray Nigger was an RAF dog, on loan to the production. Richard Todd was the animal wrangler, and later recalled that the dog was an exemplary actor that hardly ever required a re-take. On two occasions, however, the dog caused difficulty. On the first occasion, the dog could not be persuaded to wait when filming the scene when Nigger answers a knock on the door in Gibson's bedroom. The second occasion was when filming on location at RAF Scampton, where Nigger and Gibson were to stroll through a group of RAF men waiting outside of a building for a briefing. The dog could not be persuaded to move off one spot, or even dragged past it on a leash. It later transpired that the spot was the site where the real Nigger had been buried, some 11 years before, whose gravestone had been temporarily removed for filming. In the end, the scene was filmed without the dog.[3]
Symbolism
Film critics have observed that Nigger is used in the film as a symbol of the men's emotional attachment to one another, an attachment that is not directly expressed between the film's characters. Sarah Street notes that the film, whilst full of emotion, does not articulate it except through secondary devices such as the affection that the characters are shown giving to Nigger.[5] Christine Geraghty, a lecturer in media studies, observed that "Gibson's suppression of feelings is presented as appropriate rather than problematic, and the use of the dog as his most explicit emotional attachment is in keeping with the way in which class and masculinity are brought together in this isolated but self-sufficient figure.".[6][7] James Chapman, lecturer at the Open University, adds to that the observation that the scene where Gibson is shown choking back his grief at the death of Nigger, silent and blinking awkwardly, is an example of the stiff upper lip behaviour characteristic of British war films of the genre.[5][6][7]
Renaming
Richard Todd, along with Jonathan Falconer, author of a book about the film, were interviewed on BBC Radio 4's Today programme in 2005 about the name of the dog and whether any remake of the film should retain the name.[8] Todd, in a pre-recorded interview, said:
With political correctness which is a new concept of a way of life in this country and I think all over the world it didn't exist when we made the original film so Nigger was Nigger, but nowadays you can't say that sort of thing.[8][9]
In response to being asked whether the name should be censored in a remake, Falconer said:
No. I think it's a question of historical accuracy here … the film and obviously the events are very much part of the time they were made in and took part in and so I think tinkering with the historical accuracy of the film and of the story is a very dangerous and slippery slope to start down.[8][10]
In response to being asked whether he thought people would accept this as historical accuracy, Falconer said:
Well they ought to. If they are being objective about it then I think they should accept it as historical accuracy, but I can understand why some people may find it offensive.[8][10]
In the same interview, George Baker, who also acted in the film, in response to being asked whether any opinion had been expressed on the name at the time that the film was made, said:
No, none at all. Political correctness wasn't even invented, and an awful lot of black dogs were called Nigger.[8][11]
Peter Jackson, producer of the remake that later began, said in 2006 that "It is not our intention to offend people. But really you are in a no-win, damned-if-you-do-and-damned-if-you-don't scenario: If you change it, everyone's going to whinge and whine about political correctness. And if you don't change it, obviously you are offending a lot of people inadvertently. … We haven't made any decisions about what we'll do."[4][12] Stephen Fry, writer for the remake, was asked to provide several alternative names for the dog, and came up with several suggestions. Executive producer David Frost rejected them all, saying "Guy sometimes used to call his dog Nigsy, so I think that's what we will call it. Stephen has been coming up with other names, but this is the one I want."[4][13] Jackson's assistant contradicted this a week later, however, saying "To stay true to the story, you can't just change [the name]. We have not made any decisions yet. The script is still being written; and that decision will be made closer to the time."[4]
Phantom sightings
According to Bruce Barrymore Halpenny in his books Ghost Stations, the ghost of Nigger has been seen on numerous occasions around RAF Scampton and also around the Dambusters Memorial at Woodhall Spa.[14][15]
References
- ^ a b Jan Toms (2006). Animal Graves and Memorials. Shire Album S. 452. Osprey Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 9780747806431.
- ^ a b Dan Milmo (2001-06-11). "ITV attacked over Dam Busters censorship". The Guardian (Guardian News and Media Limited). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2001/jun/11/itv.broadcasting.
- ^ a b c John Ramsden (2003). The dam busters. Turner Classic Movies British Film Guides. I.B.Tauris. p. 51. ISBN 9781860646362.
- ^ a b c d Kathy Marks (2009-05-06). "Nigsy? Trigger? N-word dilemma bounces on for Dam Busters II". The Independent. http://independent.co.uk./arts-entertainment/films/news/nigsy-trigger-nword-dilemma-bounces-on-for-dam-busters-ii-1680148.html.
- ^ a b Sarah Street (1997). British national cinema. National cinemas. Routledge. p. 71. ISBN 9780415067362.
- ^ a b James Chapman (2003). Cinemas of the world: film and society from 1895 to the present. Globalities. Reaktion Books. p. 274. ISBN 9781861891624.
- ^ a b Christine Geraghty (2000). British cinema in the fifties: gender, genre and the 'new look'. Communication and society. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 9780415171588.
- ^ a b c d e Caroline Bressey (2008). "It's Only Political Correctness — Race and Racism in British History". In Claire Dwyer and Caroline Bressey. New geographies of race and racism. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 29–30. ISBN 9780754670858.
- ^ Richard Todd (2005-12-13). Interview. Today. BBC Radio 4.
- ^ a b Jonathan Falconer (2005-12-13). Interview with Carolyn Quinn. Today. BBC Radio 4.
- ^ George Baker (2005-12-13). Interview with Carolyn Quinn. Today. BBC Radio 4.
- ^ Stax (2006-09-06). "Jackson Talks Dam Busters.". IGN. http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/730/730799p1.html.
- ^ Tanya Katterns (2009-05-05). "Takeoff looms for Dambusters". The Dominion Post (Fairfax New Zealand). http://stuff.co.nz./entertainment/film/2383809/Takeoff-looms.
- ^ Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore (2008). Ghost Stations Lincolnshire. L'Aquila Publishing. pp. 39–42. ISBN 978-1-871448-06-1.
- ^ lincolnshirelife.co.uk
External links
Categories:- Censorship
- Individual dogs
- 1943 animal deaths
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