NeuN

NeuN
Antibody staining for Fox-3/NeuN in the adult rat cerebellum in green. The Fox-3/NeuN antibody binds to the small cerebellar granule cells. In contrast antibody to the close relative of Fox-3/NeuN, Fox-2, is shown in red. Fox-2 antibody stains Purkinje and Golgi neurons which are not recognized by the Fox-3/NeuN antibody. DNA is shown in blue. Image courtesy of EnCor Biotechnology Inc.

NeuN is a neuronal nuclear antigen and was first described in 1994 by Mullen et al., who raised a series of monoclonal antibodies to mouse antigens with the original intent of finding mouse species specific immunological markers for use in transplantation experiments.[1] In the event they isolated a hybridoma line, called mAb A60, which proved to bind an antigen expressed only in neuronal nuclei and to a lesser extent the cytoplasm of neuronal cells, and which appeared to work on all vertebrates. This unknown antigen was therefore known as NeuN for "Neuronal Nuclei". A few neuronal cell types were not recognized by the NeuN antibody, such as cerebellar Purkinje cells, olfactory Mitral cells and retinal photoreceptors. However the vast majority of neurons are strongly NeuN positive, and NeuN immunoreactivity has been widely used to identify neurons is tissue culture and in sections and to measure the neuron/glial ratio in brain regions.[2] NeuN immunoreactivity becomes obvious as neurons mature, typically after they have downregulated expression of Doublecortin, a marker seen in the earliest stages of neuronal development. The NeuN protein was not at the time characterized, though the molecular weight was shown to be closely spaced bands running at 46kDa and 48kDa on SDS-PAGE. However the exact identity of the NeuN protein remained a mystery for many years. Despite this the mAb A66 antibody has become very widely used as a robust marker of neurons, and a May 2011 Medline search using the keyword "NeuN" produced over 1,100 hits. Recently Kim et al. used proteomic methods to show that NeuN corresponds to Fox-3.[3] Fox-3 is one of a family of mammalian homologues of the Fox-1, originally discovered in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a gene involved in sex determination.[4] Fox is in fact an acronym of "Feminizing locus on X". The mammalian genome contains three genes homologous to C. elegans Fox-1, called Fox-1, Fox-2 and Fox-3. All these Fox proteins are about 46kDa in size, and each includes a central highly conserved so called RRM or RNA recognition motif. This motif corresponds to a small ~70 amino acid module consisting of 4 strands forming a beta sheet structure and two alpha helices. RRM domains are one of the most common domains in the human genome and are found in numerous proteins which bind RNA molecules. An alternate name for Fox-3 is hexaribonucleotide binding protein 3, and the Fox proteins are believed to have a role in the regulation of mRNA splicing. For a review of the Fox family of proteins see this reference.[5]

References

As of 15 June 2011, this article is derived in whole or in part from EnCor Biotechnology Inc.. The copyright holder has licensed the content utilized under CC-By-SA and GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. The original text was at "Monoclonal Antibody to Fox3/NeuN".

  1. ^ Mullen, RJ; Buck, CR; Smith, AM (1992). "NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates". Development (Cambridge, England) 116 (1): 201–11. PMID 1483388. 
  2. ^ Herculano-Houzel, S.; Lent, R (2005). "Isotropic Fractionator: A Simple, Rapid Method for the Quantification of Total Cell and Neuron Numbers in the Brain". Journal of Neuroscience 25 (10): 2518–21. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4526-04.2005. PMID 15758160. 
  3. ^ Kim, K. K.; Adelstein, R. S.; Kawamoto, S. (2009). "Identification of Neuronal Nuclei (NeuN) as Fox-3, a New Member of the Fox-1 Gene Family of Splicing Factors". Journal of Biological Chemistry 284 (45): 31052–61. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.052969. PMC 2781505. PMID 19713214. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2781505. 
  4. ^ Hodgkin, J; Zellan, JD; Albertson, DG (1994). "Identification of a candidate primary sex determination locus, fox-1, on the X chromosome of Caenorhabditis elegans". Development (Cambridge, England) 120 (12): 3681–9. PMID 7821230. 
  5. ^ Underwood JG, Boutz PL, Dougherty JD, Stoilov P, Black DL. (2005). "Homologues of the Caenorhabditis elegans Fox-1 protein are neuronal splicing regulators in mammals". Mol. Cell. Biol. 25: 10005–10016. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.22.10005-10016.2005. PMC 1280273. PMID 16260614. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1280273. 

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем сделать НИР

Look at other dictionaries:

  • neun — [nɔy̮n] <Kardinalzahl> (als Ziffer: 9): neun Personen; die neun Musen. * * * neun 〈Adj.; Kardinalzahl; als Ziffer: 9〉 →a. acht ● es waren ihrer neun 〈veraltet〉 es waren 9 Personen; die neun Musen; neun Uhr; alle neun schieben, werfen… …   Universal-Lexikon

  • neun — neun: Das gemeingerm. Zahlwort mhd., ahd. niun, got. niun, engl. nine, schwed. nio beruht mit Entsprechungen in den meisten anderen idg. Sprachen auf idg. *‹e›neu̯en »neun«, vgl. z. B. aind. náva »neun«, lat. novem »neun« und griech. ennéa »neun« …   Das Herkunftswörterbuch

  • Neun — Neun, eine Grundzahl, welche sich zwischen acht und zehen in der Mitte befindet, und jederzeit unverändert bleibt, wenn sie das Hauptwort bey sich hat. Die neun Musen. Neun Tage. Stehet sie aber absolute, so hat sie in der zweyten Endung, welche… …   Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart

  • Neun — may refer to: Jörg Neun, a retired German football player Johnny Neun, who was an American first baseman for the Detroit Tigers and the Boston Braves Manfred Neun, a german entrepreneur This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the… …   Wikipedia

  • neun — AdjNum std. (9. Jh., niungeldo neunfaches Entgelt 8. Jh.), mhd. niun, ahd. niun, as. nigun Stammwort. Aus g. * newun neun , auch in gt. niun (zweisilbig!), anord. níu, ae. nigon, afr. nigun, niugun, niogen. Aus ig. * (e)newṇ neun , auch in ai.… …   Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache

  • neun — Num. (Grundstufe) die Ziffer 9 Beispiele: Es ist halb neun. Sie war neun Wochen krank …   Extremes Deutsch

  • neun — Zahladj; 1 (als Ziffer) 9; ↑Anhang (4) || NB: Gebrauch Beispiele unter ↑vier 2 alle neun(e)! verwendet, wenn beim Kegeln alle 9 Kegel auf einmal fallen || ID Ach, du grüne Neune! gespr; verwendet, um Überraschung oder Erschrecken auszudrücken …   Langenscheidt Großwörterbuch Deutsch als Fremdsprache

  • neun — umgangssprachlich neu|ne; alle neun[e]!; wir sind zu neunen oder zu neunt; vgl. acht …   Die deutsche Rechtschreibung

  • Neun — Neun, die höchste einzifferige Zahl des dekadischen Zahlensystems, hat als Product von 3× 3, namentlich aber weil sie um 1 kleiner ist, als die Grundzahl, 10, ebenso wie die, die 10 um 1 übertreffende Elf, manche nicht unwichtige Eigenschaften,… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Neun — Neun, die höchste einzifferige Zahl des dekadischen Systems. Da 10 durch 9 geteilt den Rest 1 läßt, so ergibt jede Zahl bei der Division mit 9 denselben Rest wie ihre Quersumme, d.h. wie die Summe der Ziffern, mit denen sie geschrieben wird; ist… …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Neun — Neun,die:dugrüneNeune:⇨ach(1) …   Das Wörterbuch der Synonyme

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”