Narcissistic withdrawal

In children, Narcissistic withdrawal may be described as 'a form of omnipotent narcissism characterised by the turning away from parental figures and by the fantasy that essential needs can be satisfied by the individual alone'.^[1]

For adults, 'in the contemporary literature the term narcissistic withdrawal is instead reserved for an ego defense in pathological personalities'.^[2] Such narcissists may feel obliged to withdraw from any relationship that threatens to be more than short-term: at the same time, within relationships, 'withdrawal, withholding, and the "silent treatment" are classic abuse techniques'^[3] for the narcissist to use.

Psychoanalysis

Freud used the term 'to describe the turning back of the individual's libido from the object onto themselves....as the equivalent of narcissistic regression'.^[2] On Narcissism saw him explore the idea through an examination of such everyday events as illness or sleep: 'the condition of sleep, too, resembles illness in implying a narcissistic withdrawal of the positions of the libido on to the subject's own self'.^[4] A few years later, in '"Mourning and Melancholia"...Freud's most profound contribution to object relations theory',^[5] he examined how 'a withdrawal of the libido...on a narcissistic basis' in depression could allow both a freezing and a preservation of affection: 'by taking flight into the ego love escapes extinction'.^[6]

Otto Fenichel would extend his analysis to borderline conditions, demonstrating how 'in a reactive withdrawal of libido...a regression to narcissism is also a regression to the primal narcissistic omnipotence which makes its reappearance in the form of megalomania'.^[7]

For Melanie Klein, however, a more positive element came to the fore: 'frustration, which stimulates narcissistic withdrawal, is also...a fundamental factor in adaptation to reality'.^[8] Similarly, 'Winnicott points out that there is an aspect of withdrawal that is healthy', considering that it might be '"helpful to think of withdrawal as a condition in which the person concerned (child or adult) holds a regressed part of the self and nurses it, at the expense of external relationships"'.^[9]

However, from the mid-twentieth century onwards, attention has increasingly focused on 'the case in which the subject appeals to narcissistic withdrawal as a defensive solution...a precarious refuge that comes into being as a defense against a disappointing or untrustworthy object. This is found in studies of narcissistic personalities or borderline pathologies by authors such as Heinz Kohut or Otto Kernberg'.^[2]

Kohut considered that 'the narcissistically vulnerable individual responds to actual (or anticipated) narcissistic injury either with shamefaced withdrawal or with narcissistic rage'.^[10] Kernberg saw the difference between normal narcissism and ' pathological narcissism...[as] withdrawal into "splendid isolation"'^[11] in the latter instance; while Herbert Rosenfeld was concerned with 'states of withdrawal commonly seen in narcissistic patients in which death is idealised as superior to life', as well as with 'the alternation of states of narcissistic withdrawal and ego disintegration'.^[12]

Schizoid withdrawal

Closely related to narcissistic withdrawal is 'schizoid withdrawal: the escape from too great pressure by abolishing emotional relationships altogether'.^[13] All such 'fantastic refuges from need are forms of emotional starvation, megalomanias and distortions of reality born of fear'.^[14]

Sociology

'Narcissists will isolate themselves, leave their families, ignore others, do anything to preserve a special...sense of self'^[15] Arguably, however, all such 'narcissistic withdrawal is haunted by its alter ego: the ghost of a full social presence'^[16] - with people living their lives 'along a continuum which ranges from the maximal degree of social commitment...to a maximal degree of social withdrawal'.^[17]

If 'of all modes of narcissistic withdrawal, depression is the most crippling',^[18] a contributing factor may be that 'depressed persons come to appreciate consciously how much social effort is in fact required in the normal course of keeping one's usual place in undertakings'.^[19]

Therapy

Object relations theory would see the process of therapy as one whereby the therapist enabled her patient to have 'resituated the object from the purely schizoid usage to the shared schizoid usage (initially) until eventually...the object relation - discussing, arguing, idealizing, hating, etc. - emerged'.^[20]

Fenichel considered that in patients where 'their narcissistic regression is a reaction to narcissistic injuries; if they are shown this fact and given time to face the real injuries and to develop other types of reaction, they may be helped enormously'^[21] Neville Symington however estimated that 'often a kind of war develops between analyst and patient, with the analyst trying to haul the patient out of the cocoon...his narcissistic envelope...and the patient pulling for all his worth in the other direction'.^[22]

Cultural analogues

• In I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, the therapist of the disturbed protagonist wonders '"if there is a pattern....You give up a secret to our view and then you get so scared that you run for cover into your panic or into your secret world. To Yr or there"'.^[23]

• More generally, the Twenties have been described as a time of 'changes in which women were channelled toward narcissistic withdrawal rather than developing strong egos'.^[24]

See also

• André Green
• Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
• Fugue state
• Michael Balint
• Narcissistic defences
• Paranoid personality disorder
• Psychic retreat
• Schizoid personality disorder

References

1. ^ Margaret Rustin, Psychotic States in Children (1997) p. 17
2. ^ ^{a b c} Martine Myquel, "Narcissistic Withdrawal"
3. ^ Answers.com
4. ^ Sigmund Freud, On Metapsychology (PFL 11) p. 76
5. ^ James Grotstein, in Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003) p. xi
6. ^ Freud, Metapsychology p. 57-8 and p. 267
7. ^ Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 419-20
8. ^ Quoted in Pearl King/Riccardo Steiner, The Freud-Klein Controversies (1992) p. 802
9. ^ J. Abram/K. Hjulmand, The Language of Winnicott (2007) p. 45 and p. 293
10. ^ Brian W. Shaffer, The Blinding Torch (1993) p. 151
11. ^ Salman Akhtar, Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychoanalysis (2009) p. 190
12. ^ John Steiner/Herbert A. Rosenfeld, Rosenfeld in Retrospective (2008) p. 66 and p.95
13. ^ Josephine Klein, Our Need for Others (London 1994) p. 421
14. ^ Adam Phillips, The Beast in the Nursery (London 1998) p. 3
15. ^ Joan Lachkar, The Narcissisitic/Borderline Couple (1992) p. 82
16. ^ James Booth, New Larkins for Old (2000) p. 42
17. ^ John O'Neill, Sociology as Skin Trade (London 1972) p. 171-2
18. ^ Harold Barrett, Rhetoric and Civility (1991) p. 52
19. ^ Erving Goffman, Relations in Public (Penguin 1972) p. 448n
20. ^ Christopher Bollas, Cracking Up (London 1995) p. 86
21. ^ Fenichel, p. 451
22. ^ Neville Symington, Narcissism: A New Theory (London 2003) p. 77
23. ^ Hannah Green, I Never Promised You a Rose Garden (London 1975) p. 55
24. ^ G. K. Levinger/H. L. Raush, Close Relationships (1977) p. 64

Further reading

• D. W. Winnicott, "Withdrawal and regression" in Collected Papers (London 1958)