Naccache–Stern cryptosystem

Note: this is not to be confused with the Naccache–Stern knapsack cryptosystem.

The Naccache–Stern cryptosystem is a homomorphic public-key cryptosystem whose security rests on the higher residuosity problem. The Naccache–Stern cryptosystem was discovered by David Naccache and Jacques Stern in 1998.

Scheme Definition

Like many public key cryptosystems, this scheme works in the group $(\mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z})^*$ where n is a product of two large primes. This scheme is homomorphic and hence malleable.

Key Generation

• Pick a family of k small distinct primes p₁,...,p_k.
• Divide the set in half and set $u = \prod_{i=1}^{k/2} p_i$ and $v = \prod_{k/2+1}^k p_i$.
• Set $\sigma = uv = \prod_{i=1}^k p_i$
• Choose large primes a and b such that both p = 2au+1 and q=2bv+1 are prime.
• Set n=pq.
• Choose a random g mod n such that g has order φ(n)/4.

The public key is the numbers σ,n,g and the private key is the pair p,q.

When k=1 this is essentially the Benaloh cryptosystem.

Message Encryption

This system allows encryption of a message m in the group $\mathbb{Z}/\sigma\mathbb{Z}$.

• Pick a random $x \in \mathbb{Z}/n\mathbb{Z}$.
• Calculate $E(m) = x^\sigma g^m \mod n$

Then E(m) is an encryption of the message m.

Message Decryption

To decrypt, we first find m mod p_i for each i, and then we apply the Chinese remainder theorem to calculate m mod σ.

Given a ciphertext c, to decrypt, we calculate

• $c_i \equiv c^{\phi(n)/p_i} \mod n$. Thus

$\begin{matrix} c^{\phi(n)/p_i} &\equiv& x^{\sigma \phi(n)/p_i} g^{m\phi(n)/p_i} \mod n\\ &\equiv& g^{(m_i + y_ip_i)\phi(n)/p_i} \mod n \\ &\equiv& g^{m_i\phi(n)/p_i} \mod n \end{matrix}$

where $m_i \equiv m \mod p_i$.

• Since p_i is chosen to be small, m_i can be recovered be exhaustive search, i.e. by comparing c_i to $g^{j\phi(n)/p_i}$ for j from 1 to p_i-1.
• Once m_i is known for each i, m can be recovered by a direct application of the Chinese remainder theorem.

Security

The semantic security of the Naccache–Stern cryptosystem rests on an extension of the quadratic residuosity problem known as the higher residuosity problem.

References

Original paper