Mohammed bin Hadou

Mohammed bin Hadou, Moroccan ambassador to Great-Britain in 1682.^[1]

Ambassador Ben Hadou, riding in Hyde Park, 1682.

Mohammed bin Hadou, also Mohammad ben Hadou, Mohammad bin Hadu or Muhammad ben Haddu al'Attar, was a Moroccan ambassador sent to the English court of Charles II by Muley Ismail in 1681-82.^[2] According to the contemporary English commentator John Evelyn, he was the son of an English woman.^[3]

He arrived in England on 29 December 1681, and left on 23 July 1682.^[4] He spent six months in England, in a highly commented visit. His visit was publicized in the London Gazette^[4] and he was the subject of occasional poems.^[5] He visited Oxford, Cambridge and the Royal Society among many other places.^[2] These exchanges started 40 years of a shifting Anglo-Moroccan alliance related to European conflicts, trade issues, Barbary Coast pirates and the exchange of captives.^[2] Mohammed returned with a draft Peace and Trade Treaty which was finally not ratified by his king because of outstanding issues regarding the English military presence in Tangiers and English captives in Morocco.^[6]

John Evelyn recorded that he was "the fashion of the season",^[2] and commented on him that he was "a handsome person, well featured and of a wise look, subtile and extremely civile".^[7] At the theater the ambassador behaved "with extreme modesty and gravity".^[7] He struck a magnificent figure riding in Hyde Park.^[5]

England Socinians wrote letters for Mohammed bin Hadou to remit to Mulay Ismail, in which they praised God for having "preserved your Emperor and his people in the excellent knowledge of that truth touching your belief in a onely sovereign God, who has no distinct [...] or plurality of persons", and praising "Mahomet" for being "a scourge on those idolizing Christians".^[8] However, they also complained that the Qur'an contained contradictions that must have been a consequence of its editing after Mohammed's death. ^[9]

During his stay Mohammed bin Hadou apparently married an English servant.^[10]

Forty years of shifting alliances between the two countries would follow Mohammed's embassy.^[2]

See also

• Anglo-Moroccan alliance
• Islam and Protestantism

Notes

1. ^ In the lands of the Christians by Nabil Matar, back cover ISBN 0415932289
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Wild enlightenment: the borders of human identity in the eighteenth century by Richard Nash p.54- [1]
3. ^ Islam in Britain, 1558-1685 Nabil I. Matar p.38
4. ^ ^{a b} Performing identities on the Restoration stage by Cynthia Lowenthal p.215 [2]
5. ^ ^{a b} Nabil Matar, Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery, pp38f.
6. ^ Britain and Morocco during the embassy of John Drummond Hay, 1845-1886 by Khalid Ben Srhir p.15 [3]
7. ^ ^{a b} The genius of the English nation by Anna Suranyi p.58-
8. ^ Religious toleration: "the variety of rites" from Cyrus to Defoe by John Christian Laursen p.134 [4]
9. ^ Matar, Nabil, Europe Through Arab Eyes: 1578-1727. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, p. 104.
10. ^ Racism, misogyny, and the Othello myth by Celia R. Daileader p.46