Mississippi Mills (Wesson, Mississippi)

Mississippi Mills was a cotton and wool textile manufacturing complex that operated in Wesson, Mississippi during the latter half of the 19th century. By 1892, Mississippi Mills was described as the largest industry of its kind in the South.^[1] Absentee management and the Panic of 1893 contributed to the mills' decline. The complex closed in 1910 and was dismantled in 1919.

Mississippi Mills textile complex, circa 1890.

Establishment

In 1864, during the American Civil War, a textile mill in Bankston, Mississippi was burned by Union forces because it supplied the Confederate Army.^[2] In 1866, the Bankston mill owner, Colonel James Madison Wesson, relocated to Copiah County, Mississippi and established a new textile mill, known as the Mississippi Manufacturing Company.^[3] The town of Wesson developed around the mill.

Because of Reconstruction-era financial problems, Mississippi Manufacturing Company was bankrupt by 1871. Captain William Oliver and John T. Hardy bought the mill from Colonel Wesson, but it burned in 1873. Oliver convinced Mississippi's largest landowner and cotton producer, Edmund Richardson, to become a partner in building a more modern textile mill of brick to reduce the fire hazard created by the wood-fired power plants in combination with flammable cotton fibers.^[4] Richardson bought out Hardy and took over controlling interest in the enterprise, which became known as Mississippi Mills, with Edmund Richardson as president and William Oliver as general manager.

Peak years

The textile complex consisted of four mills that were built over a period of 21 years, from 1873 to 1894.^[5] By 1882, electric lights had been installed to illuminate the textile buildings. When all four mills were completed, they covered several city blocks, and one was five stories high.

Under the leadership of William Oliver, from 1873 to 1891, business at Mississippi Mills thrived because of his interest in the mill workers and community affairs. By the late 1880s, Mississippi Mills employed:

"...1,200 workers to operate 25,000 cotton spindles, 26 sets of woolen machinery, and 800 looms in the production of 4,000,000 yards of cotton goods, 2,000,000 yards of woolen goods and 320,000 pounds of yarn and twine annually".^[5]

Mississippi Mills produced a great variety of cotton and woolen products that included:

"...cassimeres, jeans, doeskins, tweeds, linseys, flannels, wool and cotton knitting yarn, cotton rope, cotton warp, yarn, cottonades, flannelettes, gingham plaids, cheviots, checks, plaids, stripes, hickory, brown sheeting, shirting, drilling, eight ounce osnaburgs, ticking for feathers and mattresses, sewing thread, sewing twine for bags and awnings, wrapping twine, honey comb towels, awning, and balmoral skirts".^[1]

Decline

Following the deaths of Edmund Richardson, in 1886, and William Oliver, in 1891, the fortunes of Mississippi Mills began to decline. John Richardson, who succeeded his father as president, brought in a general manager from the North, and Richardson moved to New Orleans, Louisiana. Mississippi Mills was further crippled by the Panic of 1893, increased transportation costs, a drop in cotton prices, and labor disputes.^[5] In 1906, Mississippi Mills was forced into receivership and closed in 1910. The buildings stood vacant until they were dismantled in 1919.

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Dunbar Rowland (Editor). 1907. Encyclopedia of Mississippi history: comprising sketches of counties, towns, events, institutions and persons, Volume 2. S. A. Brant, Madison, Wisconsin. Page 949.
2. ^ Bankston Ghost Town
3. ^ Mary C. Miller. 2002. Lost landmarks of Mississippi. The University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
4. ^ Stephen E. Cresswell. 2006. Rednecks, redeemers, and race: Mississippi after Reconstruction, 1877-1917. The University Press of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
5. ^ ^{a b c} Narvell Strickland. 2001. A History of Cotton Mills and the Industrial Revolution