Timeline of particle discoveries

Timeline of particle discoveries

This is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary (that is, indivisible) given the best available evidence. It also includes the discovery of composite particles and antiparticles that were of particular historical importance.

More specifically, the inclusion criteria are:
* Elementary particles from the Standard Model of particle physics which have so far been observed. The Standard Model is the most comprehensive existing model of particle behavior; no substantial contradictions have been discovered thus far. All Standard Model particles except the Higgs boson have been verified, and all other observed particles are combinations of two or more Standard Model particles.
* Antiparticles which were historically important to the development of particle physics, specifically the positron and anti-proton. The discovery of these particles required very different experimental methods from that of their ordinary matter counterparts, and provided evidence that "all" particles had antiparticles—an idea that is fundamental to quantum field theory, the modern mathematical framework for particle physics. In the case of most subsequent particle discoveries, the particle and its anti-particle were discovered essentially simultaneously.
* Composite particles which were the first particle discovered containing a particular elementary constituent, or whose discovery was critical to the understanding of particle physics.

Note that there are have been many, many other composite particles discovered; see list of mesons and list of baryons. See List of particles for a more general list of particles, including hypothetical particles.

* 1895 - X-rays produced by Wilhelm Röntgen (later identified as photons) [cite journal | author = W.C. Röntgen | title = Über ein neue Art von Strahlen. Vorlaufige Mitteilung | journal = Sitzber. Physik. Med. Ges. | volume = 137 | year = 1895 | pages = 1 | url = http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/roentgen.html]
* 1897 - Electron discovered by J. J. Thomson [cite journal | author = J. J. Thomson | year = 1897 | title = Cathode Rays | journal = Philosophical Magazine | volume = 44 | pages = 293 | url = http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html ]
* 1899 - Alpha particle discovered by Ernest Rutherford in uranium radiation [cite journal | author = E. Rutherford | title = Uranium Radiation and the Electrical Conduction Produced by it | volume = 47 | pages = 109 | year = 1899 | journal = Philosophical Magazine | url = http://dbhs.wvusd.k12.ca.us/webdocs/Chem-History/Rutherford-Alpha&Beta.html]
* 1900 - Gamma ray (high-energy photon) discovered by Paul Villard in uranium decay. [cite journal | author = P. Villard | journal = Compt. Ren. | volume = 130 | year = 1900 | pages = 1010 | title = Sur la Réflexion et la Réfraction des Rayons Cathodiques et des Rayons Déviables du Radium]
* 1911 - Atomic nucleus identified by Ernest Rutherford, based on scattering observed by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden. [cite journal | author = E. Rutherford | title = The Scattering of α- and β- Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom | journal = Philosophical Magazine | volume = 21 | pages = 669 | year = 1911]
* 1919 - Proton discovered by Ernest Rutherford [cite journal | author = E. Rutherford | title = Collision of α Particles with Light Atoms IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen | journal = Philosophical Magazine | volume = 37 | pages = 581 | year = 1919]
* 1932 - Neutron discovered by James Chadwick [cite journal | author = J. Chadwick | title = Possible Existence of a Neutron | journal = Nature | year = 129 | pages = 312 | volume = 1932] (predicted by Rutherford in 1920 [cite journal | author = E. Rutherford | title = Nuclear Constitution of Atoms| journal = Proc. Roy. Soc. | year = 1920 | pages = 324 | volume = A97] )
* 1932 - Positron, the first antiparticle, discovered by Carl D. Anderson [cite journal | author = C.D. Anderson | title = The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives | journal = Science | year = 1932 | pages = 238 | volume = 76 | doi = 10.1126/science.76.1967.238 | pmid = 17731542] (proposed by Paul Dirac in 1927)
* 1937 - Muon discovered by Seth Neddermeyer, Carl Anderson, J.C. Street, and E.C. Stevenson, using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays. [cite journal | author = S.H. Neddermeyer, C.D. Anderson | title = Note on the nature of Cosmic-Ray Particles | journal = Phys. Rev. | year = 1937| pages = 884 | volume = 51 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.51.884] (It was mistaken for the pion until 1947. [cite journal | author = M. Conversi, E. Pancini, O. Piccioni | title = On the Disintegration of Negative Muons | journal = Phys. Rev. | year = 1947 | pages = 209 | volume = 71 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.71.209] )
* 1947 - Pion discovered by Cecil Powell (predicted by Hideki Yukawa in 1935 [cite journal | author = C.D. Anderson | title = On the Interaction of Elementary Particles | journal = Proc. Phys. Math. Soc. Jap.| year = 1935 | pages = 48 | volume = 17] )
* 1947 - Kaon, the first strange particle, discovered by G.D. Rochester and C.C. Butler [cite journal | author = G.D. Rochester, C.C. Butler | journal = Nature | volume = 160 | year = 1947 | pages = 855 | title = Evidence for the Existence of New Unstable Elementary Particles | doi = 10.1038/160855a0]
* 1955 - Antiproton discovered by Owen Chamberlain, Emilio Segrè, Clyde Wiegand, and Thomas Ypsilantis [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.100.947|title=Observation of Antiprotons|year=1955|author=Chamberlain, Owen|journal=Physical Review|volume=100|pages=947]
* 1956 - Neutrino detected by Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan (proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1931 to explain the apparent violation of energy conservation in beta decay) [cite journal|doi=10.1038/178446a0|title=The Neutrino|year=1956|author=Reines, FREDERICK|journal=Nature|volume=178|pages=446]
* 1962 - Muon neutrino shown to be distinct from electron neutrino by group headed by Leon Lederman [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.36|title=Observation of High-Energy Neutrino Reactions and the Existence of Two Kinds of Neutrinos|year=1962|author=Danby, G.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=9|pages=36]
* 1969 - Partons (internal constituents of hadrons) observed in deep inelastic scattering experiments between protons and electrons at SLAC [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930|title=High-Energy Inelastic "e"-"p" Scattering at 6° and 10°|year=1969|author=Bloom, E. D.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=23|pages=930 ] [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935|title=Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron-Proton Scattering|year=1969|author=Breidenbach, M.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=23|pages=935] ; this was eventually associated with the quark model (predicted by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1963) and thus constitutes the discovery of the up quark, down quark, and strange quark.
* 1974 - J/ψ particle discovered by groups headed by Burton Richter and Samuel Ting, demonstrating the existence of the charm quark [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404|title=Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle "J"|year=1974|author=Aubert, J. J.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=33|pages=1404] [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406|title=Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in "e"+"e"- Annihilation|year=1974|author=Augustin, J. -E.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=33|pages=1406] (proposed by Bjorken and Glashow in 1964 [cite journal|year=1964|author=B. J. Bjorken and S. L. Glashow|journal=Physics Letters|volume=11|pages=255|title=Elementary Particles and SU(4)] )
* 1975 - Tau lepton discovered by group headed by Martin Perl [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.35.1489|title=Evidence for Anomalous Lepton Production in "e"+-"e"- Annihilation|year=1975|author=Perl, M. L.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=35|pages=1489]
* 1977 - Upsilon particle discovered at Fermilab, demonstrating the existence of the bottom quark [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252|title=Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400-GeV Proton-Nucleus Collisions|year=1977|author=Herb, S. W.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=39|pages=252] (proposed by Kobayashi and Maskawa in 1973)
* 1979 - Gluon observed indirectly in three jet events at DESY [cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.43.830|title=Discovery of Three-Jet Events and a Test of Quantum Chromodynamics at PETRA|year=1979|author=Barber, D. P.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=43|pages=830]
* 1983 - W and Z bosons discovered by Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer, and the CERN UA-1 collaboration [cite journal|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(83)90437-9|title=The ratio of the nucleon structure functions F2N for iron and deuterium|year=1983|author=Aubert, J|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=123|pages=275] [cite journal|doi=10.1016/0370-2693(83)90188-0|title=Experimental observation of lepton pairs of invariant mass around 95 GeV/c2 at the CERN SPS collider|year=1983|author=Arnison, G|journal=Physics Letters B|volume=126|pages=398] (predicted in detail by Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam, and Steven Weinberg)
* 1995 - Top quark discovered at Fermilab [cite journal | author = F. Abe et al. (CDF collaboration) | title = Observation of Top quark production in ar{p} p Collisions with the Collider Detector at Fermilab | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | year = 1995 | pages = 2626 | volume = 74 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2626 ] [cite journal | author = S. Arabuchi et al. (D0 collaboration) | title = [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v74/i14/p2632_1 Observation of the Top quark] | journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | year = 1995 | pages = 2632 | volume = 74 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2632]
* 2000 - Tau neutrino first observed directly at Fermilab [http://www.fnal.gov/pub/presspass/press_releases/donut.html]

References

*


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Timeline of particle physics — The timeline of particle physics lists the sequence of particle physics theories and discoveries in chronological order. The most modern developments follow the scientific development of the discipline of Particle physics.19th century* 1858… …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of scientific experiments — The timeline below shows the date of publication of major scientific experiments. See also timeline of scientific discoveries, timeline of technological discoveries, list of timelines of science and technology, list of famous experiments.2nd… …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of chemistry — lists important works, discoveries, ideas, inventions, and experiments that significantly changed mankind s understanding of the composition of matter and of the interactions thereof, the modern science known as chemistry. The history of… …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of quantum computing — Timeline of quantum computers1970s* 1970 Stephen Wiesner invents conjugate coding.* 1973 Alexander Holevo publishes a paper showing that n qubits cannot carry more than n classical bits of information (a result known as Holevo s theorem or Holevo …   Wikipedia

  • Chameleon particle — Chameleon Composition {{{composition}}} Interactions Gravity, Electroweak Status Hypothetical Mass variable, depending on environment Electric charge 0 …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of solar system astronomy — Timeline of solar system astronomyAntiquity* 2137 BC, October 22 Chinese astronomers record a solar eclipse *ca. 2000 BC Chinese determine that Jupiter needs 12 years to complete one revolution of its orbit. * 2nd millennium BC earliest possible… …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of nuclear fusion — Timeline of significant events in the study and use of nuclear fusion:*1929 Atkinson and Houtermans used the measured masses of low mass elements and applied Einstein s discovery that E=mc2 to predict that large amounts of energy could be… …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records — The Hall of Space Technology in the Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga, Russia. The exhibition includes the models and replicas of the following Russian inventions: the first satellite, Sputnik 1 (a ball under the… …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of fundamental physics discoveries — This table provides an overview of the scientific relevant discoveries which would have to be predicted in its entirety by a theory of everything, in order to claim itself as a success. Timeline of Fundamental Physics Discoveries Before 1780 1021 …   Wikipedia

  • Timeline of Islamic science and engineering — This timeline of Islamic science and engineering covers the general development of science and technology in the Islamic world during the Islamic Golden Age, usually dated from the 7th to 16th centuries.From the 17th century onwards, the advances …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”