Memory virtualization

Memory virtualization

In computer science, memory virtualization decouples volatile random access memory (RAM) resources from individual systems in the data center, and then aggregates those resources into a virtualized memory pool available to any computer in the cluster.[citation needed] The memory pool is accessed by the operating system or applications running on top of the operating system. The distributed memory pool can then be utilized as a high-speed cache, a messaging layer, or a large, shared memory resource for a CPU or a GPU application.

Contents

Description

Memory virtualization allows networked, and therefore distributed, servers to share a pool of memory to overcome physical memory limitations, a common bottleneck in software performance.[citation needed] With this capability integrated into the network, applications can take advantage of a very large amount of memory to improve overall performance, system utilization, increase memory usage efficiency, and enable new use cases. Software on the memory pool nodes (servers) allows nodes to connect to the memory pool to contribute memory, and store and retrieve data. Management software manages the shared memory, data insertion, eviction and provisioning policies, data assignment to contributing nodes, and handles requests from client nodes. The memory pool may be accessed at the application level or operating system level. At the application level, the pool is accessed through an API or as a networked file system to create a high-speed shared memory cache. At the operating system level, a page cache can utilize the pool as a very large memory resource that is much faster than local or networked storage.

Memory virtualization implementations are distinguished from shared memory systems. Shared memory systems do not permit abstraction of memory resources, thus requiring implementation with a single operating system instance (i.e. not within a clustered application environment).

Memory virtualization is also different from memory-based storage such as solid-state drives (SSDs). They both allow sharing the memory space (i.e. RAM, flash memory) in a cluster, but SSDs use an overly complicated and less efficient interface, identical to the interface of hard disk drives.

Benefits

  • Improves memory utilization via the sharing of scarce resources
  • Increases efficiency and decreases run time for data intensive and I/O bound applications
  • Allows applications on multiple servers to share data without replication, decreasing total memory needs
  • Lowers latency and provides faster access than other solutions such as SSD, SAN or NAS

Products

Implementations

Application level integration

In this case, applications running on connected computers connect to the memory pool directly through an API or the file system.

Cluster implementing memory virtualization at the application level. Contributors 1...n contribute memory to the pool. Applications read and write data to the pool using Java or C APIs, or a file system API.

Operating System Level Integration

In this case, the operating system connects to the memory pool, and makes pooled memory available to applications.

Cluster implementing memory virtualization. Contributors 1...n contribute memory to the pool. The operating system connects to the memory pool through the page cache system. Applications consume pooled memory via the operating system.

Background

Memory virtualization technology follows from memory management architectures and virtual memory techniques. In both fields, the path of innovation has moved from tightly coupled relationships between logical and physical resources to more flexible, abstracted relationships where physical resources are allocated as needed.

Virtual memory systems abstract between physical RAM and virtual addresses, assigning virtual memory addresses both to physical RAM and to disk-based storage, expanding addressable memory, but at the cost of speed. NUMA and SMP architectures optimize memory allocation within multi-processor systems. While these technologies dynamically manage memory within individual computers, memory virtualization manages the aggregated memory of multiple networked computers as a single memory pool.

In tandem with memory management innovations, a number of virtualization techniques have arisen to make the best use of available hardware resources. Application virtualization was demonstrated in mainframe systems first. The next wave was storage virtualization, as servers connected to storage systems such as NAS or SAN in addition to, or instead of, on-board hard disk drives. Server virtualization, or Full virtualization, partitions a single physical server into multiple virtual machines, consolidating multiple instances of operating systems onto the same machine for the purpose of efficiency and flexibility. In both storage and server virtualization, the applications are unaware that the resources they are using are virtual rather than physical, so efficiency and flexibility are achieved without application changes. In the same way, memory virtualization allocates the memory of an entire networked cluster of servers among the computers in that cluster.

See also

  • Virtual memory - Traditional memory virtualization on a single computer, typically using the translation lookaside buffer (TLB) to translate between virtual and physical memory addresses
    • Virtual memory management in Hypervisors - Hypervisors manage the physical memory of one server, dynamically apportioning memory among operating system instances (VMware ESX, Xen Hypervisor)
  • Data grid - Enables Java application clustering
  • In-memory database - Provides faster and more predictable performance than disk-based databases (Gigaspaces, Gemstone Gemfire)
  • I/O virtualization - Creates virtual network and storage endpoints which allow network and storage data to travel over the same fabrics (XSigo I/O Director)
  • Storage virtualization - Abstracts logical storage from physical storage (NAS, SAN, File Systems (NFS, cluster FS), Volume Management, RAID)
  • Virtualization management hardware - Hardware solution to accelerate hypervisors (3Leaf Management Solution)
  • RAM disk - Virtual storage device within a single computer, limited to capacity of local RAM.
  • memcached
  • InfiniBand
  • 10 Gigabit Ethernet
  • Distributed shared memory
  • Remote direct memory access (RDMA)
  • Locality of reference

References


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